Class notes
Counseling Notes
- Course
- PSYC450
- Institution
- Azusa Pacific University
Different types of therapies
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Counseling Exam #3I. Know Gestalt therapy
Know the key concepts for Gestalt therapy including:
●
their view of human nature
○
Rooted in existential philosophy, phenomenology, and field theory
○
Similar concepts to existential: here and now, clients have potential to change
themselves
○
“Reowning” their qualities
■
They have the capacity to self-regulate their experiences and how it
a ects them
○
To “be” who they are and not dwell on who they should be
○
Therapists take a passive role in gestalt therapy
●
The principles of Gestalt therapy theory
○
Holism-focus on the whole of a person’s experience, everything: a ect,
feelings, emotions, behaviors, demeanor all taken into account, how they fit
together
○
Field Theory-psychological activities occur in psychological field, “organism in
environment”
○
Figure Formation Process- how an individual organizes experiences from
moment to moment
○
Organism Self Regulation- emergence of need sensations & interests will
disturb an individual’s equilibrium
●
the now and unfinished business
○
Power in present
○
Phenomenological inquiry- what is going on now, therapists try to help clients
see their own emotions in the past so they can see ramifications
○
Unfinished business needs to be resolved- otherwise they turn into problems
○
Impasse- stuck point, therapists challenge clients to sit in the uncomfortable
spot were they cannot be rescued, to accept reality than to wish for something
not possible
●
contact and resistances to contact
○
Contact--engaging with nature and with other people without losing one’s
individuality
○
Resistance to contact--develop as coping processes, the defenses we develop to
prevent us from fully experiencing the present
■
Introjection, projection, retroflection, deflection, confluence
●
Confluence-blurring self and environment, absence of conflict,
to have the desire to be liked and accepted, not genuine
●
energy and blocks to energy
○
Manifested in body, posture, a ect
○
Where its located, how is it used, how it can be blocked
○
Client may not be aware so therapists encourage clients to become aware and
stay so that they can see how they divert energy and keep themselves from full
expression for aliveness
Know the key processes of gestalt therapy including:
●
Vital components
○
Continuum of experience ○
Here and now
○
Paradoxical theory of change
○
Experiment
○
Authentic encounter
○
Process oriented diagnosis
●
gestalt therapeutic goals
○
1. Move toward increase awareness of oneself
○
2. Assume ownership of one’s personal experience
○
3. Develop skills for meeting one’s own needs without violating rights of others
○
4. Become aware of all their senses
○
5. Accept Responsibility
○
6. Be able to ask for help from others and give to others
●
Gestalt therapist’s function and role
○
Therapist works to point out the language the client is using to talk about
themselves and their condition
○
Task is to create a way or climate where clients can seek to change their being
and behavior
○
Assist clients in telling their story in a lively way, to transform life stories
instead of just changing titles of stories
●
the client’s experience in therapy
○
Discovery- realization about themselves or aspects of their lives
○
Accommodation- client recognize they have a choice
○
Assimilation-clients learn how to create change in their own environment; feel
capable, they are active decision makers and have confidence in their process
and maximize their resources
●
the relationship between therapist and client
○
Importance for both to be fully themselves
○
Authentic dialogue, direct self-expression
Know the techniques & procedures of Gestalt therapy:
●
the experiment in Gestalt therapy
○
Use of exercises and experiments
■
Experiments enable active self-exploration and is tailored
○
Therapy sessions as a series of experiments
○
Surprises both
○
The client experiments with di erent new thoughts and behaviors
○
Needs to balance both support and risk
●
preparing clients for Gestalt experiments
○
Making sure the trust and willingness is there from clients
○
Respectful of client’s hesitation
○
Experiments only a MEANS to an end goal
●
the role of confrontation
○
Not exclusive in gestalt, just with Fritz
○
Newer version of relational gestalt combines sustained empathic inquiry with
crisp, clear, relevant awareness focusing
○
Confrontation can help clients cooperate, when they are invited to examine
themselves
●
the Gestalt therapy interventions identified in class
○
Internal dialogue exercise ■
Empty chair with top and underdog
○
Making rounds
○
Rehearsal exercise
○
Reversal exercise (complete opposite of what they look to be)
○
Exaggeration exercise
○
Staying with uncomfortable feelings
○
Live out their dream
●
application to group counseling
○
Self-disclosure is important
○
Trust built in group
○
Sense of mutuality
Know Gestalt therapy from a multicultural perspective
●
Exploring own cultural selves and always developing their identity as a therapist
Understand contributions & limits of Gestalt therapy
●
Contributions:
○
Past dealt in present
○
Verbal and nonverbal signs
○
Talk to action and experience
○
Heightened present understanding
○
No bias coming in, no set goals
○
Good for personality disturbances, substance addictions, psychosomatic
problems
○
Attempt to INTEGRATE research, theory, and practice
●
Limitations:
○
High level of intense feelings
○
Reluctance from client can prematurely terminate counseling
○
Therapists have to have a high level of personal development, to not be
defensive
○
Abuse of power can come
○
Much needed experience and supervision
II. Know Behavior Therapy
Know the key concepts for Behavior therapy including:
●
historical background
○
Radical departure from dominant psychoanalytic perspective
○
Albert Bandura- social learning theory-classical and operant conditioning with
observational learning (1960s)
○
Present: emergence of cognitive behavior therapy as major force and application
of behavioral techniques to prevention and treatment of health related disorders
●
four areas of development
(contemporary behavior therapy
in 2000s)
○
1. Classical Conditioning (Stimulus (unconditioned, conditioned, pairing,
intensity, predictability, response)
○
2. Operant Conditioning- behaviors influenced by consequences following them
■
Positive and negative reinforcement
■
Punishment
○
3. Social Cognitive Theory- interactional, interdisciplinary, and multimodall
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