EXP 3523 Memory Final Study Guide- Florida International University
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EXP 3523 Memory Final Study Guide- Florida International University/EXP 3523 Memory Final Study Guide- Florida International University/EXP 3523 Memory Final Study Guide- Florida International University/EXP 3523 Memory Final Study Guide- Florida International University/EXP 3523 Memory Final Study...
exp 3523 memory final study guide florida international universityexp 3523 memory final study guide florida international universityexp 3523 memory final study guide florida international univers
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Chapter 1
1. Who was Hermann Ebbinghaus, and what were his important contributions to memory science? PAGE 6
a. Hermann Ebbinghaus was a German psychologist and philosopher who pioneered the scientific study of
memory.
Ebbinghaus is remembered today not only because he was the first memory psychologist but also because he
established a number of principles of memory that are still relevant today, in terms of both theory and
application. Indeed, a number of his findings are directly applicable to the goals of improving memory
efficiency.
2. How can the spacing effect be used to improve memory? PAGE 8-9
a. The spacing effect can be used to improve memory because according Ebbinghaus, more learning occurs
when studying is spread out over time that when it occurs successively.
3. How did the contributions of the science behaviorism and cognitive psychology to modern understanding of
memory differ? PAGES 10 & 12
a. According to how behaviorism was studied in the early 20th century, learning was a suitable topic of research
because it is directly observable and memory, being the stored information in the brain, is not directly
observable. On the other hand, cognitive psychology became more prominent in the 1960s and it emphasizes
the concepts of the mind and internal representation of memories.
4. What are the key components of a memory experiment? PAGES 15 & 16
a. The key components of a memory experiment are independent variables, dependent variables, random
assignment and double-blind procedure.
5. What is the difference between recall and recognition? PAGES 17 & 18
a. The difference between recall and recognition is that recall is the production of a memory or a part of one that
was not already presented and recognition means matching one’s memory to a presented choice.
6. What are source judgments? What are meta-memory judgments? PAGES 19 & 20
a. Source judgments are our attributions of where or from whom we learned something, rather than the
memories themselves. Meta-memory judgments are the ratings or decisions we make concerning what we know
about our memory processes.
7. How does studying neuropsychological patients aid in understanding the nature of memory and the brain?
PAGES 20 & 21
a. The goal of neuropsychological research is to correlate the specific area of brain damage with the cognitive or
behavioral deficits seen in a particular patient.
8. What are the three techniques of neuroimaging? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? PAGES
22 & 23
a. EEG(electroencephalography) – Advantages: electrodes pick up continuous electric signal, provides
excellent way of measuring the changes that happen in the brain as a person engages in a memory task.
Disadvantages:
MEG (magnetoencephalography) – Advantages: detects rapid changes in the brain, produces better spatial maps
of the brain than EEG, useful because it represents a compromise between good spatial resolution and good
temporal resolution. Disadvantages: temporal resolution is less than that of EEG, spatial map not as good as
fMRI
PET (positron emission tomography) – Advantages: it can be determined what areas of the brain are active
during different memory processes, very good at making spatial maps of the brain and pinpointing where in the
,brain activity is taking place. Disadvantages: being replaced by fMRI, successive images can be made only
every 30 seconds, so it is not helpful in determining the flow of information in the brain
9. What is prospective memory? PAGE 25
a. Memory for the things we need to do in the future
10. What are the four themes of the book? Why are they important? PAGES 26 & 27
a. Learning and remembering are active processes
Learning and remembering have a biological/neurological basis
Memory has multiple components, which act in different ways
The efficiency of learning and remembering can be improved
Chapter 2
1. What is meant by the term engram ? What did Lashley hope to achieve by identifying it? How does the
Quiroga et al. ( 2005) Page 32 and 33
2. What is a Traumatic brain injury? Page 34 start with the second paragraph
3. Describe the flow of information through the neuron, including how information is transmitted through the
axon, dendrite and synapse, include the purpose of neurotransmitters? Page: 35
4. What is the relation between the drug we commonly take and the brain? By what mechanism do these drugs,
such as caffeine, affect brain function? Page: start with the bottom of 52 and all of 53 and 53
5. Describe the functional significance of each of the following brain regions: (1) hippocampus, ( 2 ) amygdala,
( 3) diencephalon, (3) temporal lobe, and ( 4) frontal lobe? Pages 41 through 46
6. How does EEG measure activity in the brain? What is EEG good for? PAGE 22-23, 47-49
a. Electroencephalography uses electrodes to measure the electrical output of the brain by recording electric
current at the scalp.
7. What advantages does fMRI have over EEG and PET Technology? PAGE : 23,24,33
8. What is amnesia? What is the difference between anterograde and retrograde amnesia?
Amnesia PAGE: 43, 51-52
Anterograde and retrograde amnesia: PAGE: 51-52
9. How do benzodiazepines affect memory? How do cholinergic affect memory? PAGE: 53-54
10. Why is the olfactory system so tied to emotion and memory? PAGE: 54-55
Chapter 3
1. Why is working memory considered to be the active contents of consciousness? How does the concept of
working memory differ from the concept of short-term memory? Pg59
a. The goal of rehearsing is to keep information in working memory, the active contents of our consciousness,
so we can make use of that information immediately.
Working memory systems are the neurocognitive systems that allow us to maintain information over short
periods of time. Working memory used to be called Short-term memory but for several reasons is no longer
, used short-term memory is more often used to describe a stage in an information-processing model rather than a
functional neurocognitive system.
2. Describe three main differences between working memory and long-term memory. Pg 60
a. A short-term memory system. Working memory’s function is to temporarily hold information over a short
period of time.
A limited capacity system. Working memory can only hold so much information
The current contents of working memory are thought to be equivalent to conscious awareness.
3. How does the digit span task measure working memory? Pg 63-64
a. Results in the digit span experiment show that average (arithmetic mean) performance is just about 7 digits.
How is it modified by the pronunciation time effect? Pg 65 could not find this??
4. How Did Naveh-Benjamin and his Colleagues demonstrate the importance of pronunciation time on the
capacity of working memory? Page. 66
a. They used different la gauges to confirm this finding. They also made the use of the fact that digits take a
different amount of time to say a different language.
5. How is the Serial Position curve measured? Page. 72
a. It is measured by free Recall.
6. Describe one Variable that affects the primary portion of the circle and one variable that affects the regency
portion of the curve. Page. 73
a. Primacy and regency effects can be seen under a wide range of conditions in which people misspell words or
other items immediately.
7. What Evidence supports the idea that the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop are separate
subsystems in working memory? Page. 76
a. For all intents and purposes, what he proposed is that we have separate working memory systems for each
major perceptual modality.
8. What is the role of the central executive in working memory? Page. 76
a. Central executive in working memory is the attentional mechanism of the working memory. That is, they can
be successfully do two working memory task at the same time without interference.
9. What neuropsychological evidence exits to support the notion that working memory is distinct memory
system separate from long term memory? Page. 84
a. The phonological loop task was associated with activity in Brocas area of the left frontal lobe. In contrast,
the activation is in the right occipital lobe.
10. How is working memory related to reading ability? Page. 85
a. Given how important working memory is to reading, it is likely that there may be some connection between
working memory capacity and reading ability.
Chapter 4
1. What are the differences between episodic and semantic memory? What kinds of Memory does each refer to?
Pg 90 Pg. 91
a. Episodic memory is the neurocognitive memory system that encodes, stores and retrieves memories of our
personal individual experiences, the what, when and where of an event. This means we are sure the event is past
and not current.
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