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Samenvatting SVAA sem 1 en 2 - Pieter Cornillie

Name: Samenvatting SVAA sem 1 en 2 - Pieter Cornillie
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Studie van de vertebraten en algemene anatomie van de huisdier

Institution
Universiteit Gent (UGent)

GESLAAGD 1E ZIT. Samenvatting SVAA semester 1 en 2 ZONDER tekeningen van prof. Cornillie (kunnen na elk hoofdstuk ertussen). SV is ±180 p (inhoudstabel en witte tussenpagina's) . Vetgedrukte woorden staan in rood. Op de voorbeeldpagina's is enkel de inhoudstabel te zien (ik kan er maar 10 tonen),...

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svaa
cornillie
diergeneeskunde
1e bachelor
pieter cornillie
dgk
anatomie
studie van de vertebraten
ugent

Institution
Universiteit Gent (UGent)
Education
Bachelor In De Diergeneeskunde
Course
Studie van de vertebraten en algemene anatomie van de huisdier

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STUDIE VAN DE
VERTEBRATEN EN
ALGEMENE ANATOMIE VAN
DE HUISDIEREN
Pieter Cornillie

1e bachelor Diergeneeskunde Ugent 2021-2022

,H1: Leven.........................................................................................................................................10
Wat is leven?....................................................................................................................................10
Ontstaan van het leven.....................................................................................................................10
Condities voor het leven op aarde................................................................................................10
Ontstaan van het leven.................................................................................................................10
LUCA: prokaryoten; eukaryoten; meercelligen.............................................................................11
H2: Evolutie en selectie...................................................................................................................12
Basisconcepten van evolutie en selectie..........................................................................................12
Variatie als basis voor evolutie.........................................................................................................12
F = G + M.......................................................................................................................................12
Dragers van variatie......................................................................................................................13
Ontstaan van genetische variatie.................................................................................................13
Kleine variaties met grote gevolgen.............................................................................................15
Evolutie.............................................................................................................................................16
Evolutie zonder natuurlijke selectie..............................................................................................16
Evolutie door natuurlijke selectie.................................................................................................17
Soortvorming....................................................................................................................................21
Species/soorten............................................................................................................................21
Speciatie.......................................................................................................................................22
H3: Taxonomie en cladistiek............................................................................................................24
Taxonomie, classificatie en fylogenie...............................................................................................24
Een korte geschiedenis v/d classificatie en taxonomie.....................................................................24
Systematiek en cladistiek..................................................................................................................24
De clades......................................................................................................................................25
Het cladogram..............................................................................................................................25
Reconstructie van de fylogenie.....................................................................................................26
H4: Morfologie................................................................................................................................28
Morfologie en anatomie...................................................................................................................28
Anatomische terminologie en nomenclatuur...................................................................................28
Algemene principes......................................................................................................................28
Anatomische snedevlakken, richting en oriëntatie.......................................................................29
Anatomische aanzichten...............................................................................................................30
Algemene anatomische termen en lichaamsregio’s.....................................................................30
Latijnse grammatica van toepassing in de anatomie....................................................................31
Anatomische technieken..................................................................................................................32
Anatomische dissectie..................................................................................................................32

1

, Afgietsel- en platinatechnieken....................................................................................................33
H5: ontstaan en evolutie van de vertebraten..................................................................................34
Positie van de gewervelden in het dierenrijk....................................................................................34
De chordata......................................................................................................................................34
Specifieke kenmerken van de Chordata.......................................................................................34
Overige types kenmerken bij de Chordata...................................................................................34
Basisindeling van de Chordata......................................................................................................34
Mijlpalen in de evolutie van de vertebraten.....................................................................................35
Verwerven van een schedel..........................................................................................................35
Ontwikkeling van een wervelkolom..............................................................................................35
Aanleg van stevige kaken..............................................................................................................36
Loskoppelen van de kaken van het kieuwapparaat......................................................................36
Ontwikkelen van gespierde, parige aanhangsels..........................................................................36
Aanleg van ledematen om het land te veroveren.........................................................................36
Niet langer aangewezen zijn op water voor de voortplanting......................................................37
Een uiterst efficiënte waterhuishouding.......................................................................................37
Tandkassen en een spiermaag voor een stevige hap....................................................................37
Van een opgerichte lidmaatstand tot een verhoogd metabolisme..............................................37
H6: Wervelkolom & schedel............................................................................................................37
Wervelkolom....................................................................................................................................37
Basisopbouw van een wervel.......................................................................................................38
Basisopbouw van de wervelkolom...............................................................................................38
Regiospecifieke kenmerken bij de huiszoogdieren.......................................................................39
Schedel/cranium...............................................................................................................................43
Algemene kenmerken...................................................................................................................43
Schedelvormen.............................................................................................................................47
De schedel bij vogels.....................................................................................................................48
H7: Voortbewegen..........................................................................................................................50
Bewegingsinstrumenten...................................................................................................................50
Inleiding........................................................................................................................................50
Ledematen bij Tetrapoda.............................................................................................................50
Spieren als actieve mediator van de voortbeweging....................................................................52
Spieren van de wervelkolom............................................................................................................55
Evolutie van de basisopbouw.......................................................................................................55
De korte spieren van de wervelkolom..........................................................................................56
De diepe, hypaxiale spieren: buigers van de wervelkolom...........................................................56

2

, De laterale, hypaxiale spieren.......................................................................................................56
De rugstrekkers (epaxiale spieren)...............................................................................................58
Voortbewegen op een medium........................................................................................................60
Lopen en springen........................................................................................................................60
Grijpen en klimmen......................................................................................................................62
Anatomie van de ledematen bij de huisdieren.................................................................................63
Voorste lidmaat............................................................................................................................63
Achterste lidmaat.........................................................................................................................71
Voortbeweging doorheen een medium............................................................................................81
Aarde: graven en kruipen.............................................................................................................81
Lucht: vliegen en zweven..............................................................................................................81
Water: zwemmen en duiken........................................................................................................83
H8: voeding en spijsvertering..........................................................................................................84
Bemachtigen van voedsel.................................................................................................................84
Aquatische voedingswijzen...........................................................................................................84
Bemachtigen van voedsel aan land...............................................................................................85
Mechanische verwerking van voedsel..............................................................................................85
Alternatieven voor het kauwen....................................................................................................85
Kauwen.........................................................................................................................................86
Specifieke adaptaties naargelang het type voedsel......................................................................87
De craniale digestietractus bij de huisdieren....................................................................................88
Algemene organisatie van de mond.............................................................................................88
Tanden..........................................................................................................................................89
Kauwspieren.................................................................................................................................91
Tong, tongbeen en tongspieren....................................................................................................92
Speekselklieren.............................................................................................................................93
Keel/pharynx................................................................................................................................94
De craniale digestietractus bij vogels...............................................................................................95
Snavel/rostrum/bek......................................................................................................................95
Oropharynx...................................................................................................................................95
Passage, vertering en resorptie van voedsel....................................................................................96
Slokdarm/oesophagus..................................................................................................................96
Algemene indeling van de maagdarmtractus...............................................................................97
Specifieke karakteristieken bij de verschillende vertebraten.......................................................97
Specifieke adaptaties van het maagdarmkanaal bij herbivoren...................................................98
Maagdarmtractus en adnexa bij de huisdieren................................................................................99

3

, De peritoneale holte/cavum peritonei.........................................................................................99
Voormagen bij de herkauwers....................................................................................................100
Maag...........................................................................................................................................101
Omenta.......................................................................................................................................102
Milt.............................................................................................................................................103
Dunne darm- intestinum tenue..................................................................................................104
Dikke darm- intestinum crassum................................................................................................105
Anus............................................................................................................................................107
Lever/hepar................................................................................................................................108
Pancreas/alvleesklier..................................................................................................................110
H9 Uitscheiding.............................................................................................................................112
Waterhuishouding bij de vertebraten............................................................................................112
Waterbalans bij de verschillende vertebraten............................................................................112
Omgaan met waterschaarste......................................................................................................113
Urinair stelsel en adnexa bij de huisdieren.....................................................................................113
Nier.............................................................................................................................................113
Bijnier/glandula adrenalis...........................................................................................................115
Ureter.........................................................................................................................................115
Urineblaas/vesica urinaria..........................................................................................................115
Urethra/urinebuis.......................................................................................................................115
Nieren en ureters bij vogels............................................................................................................116
H10 Voortplanting.........................................................................................................................118
Levensloop & voortplantingsstrategieën........................................................................................118
Seksuele voortplanting...............................................................................................................118
Reproductieve strategieën: opties..............................................................................................118
Geslachtsdeterminatie...................................................................................................................122
Mannelijk geslachtsstelsel bij de huisdieren...................................................................................122
Testis/teelbal..............................................................................................................................122
Epididymis/bijbal........................................................................................................................123
Ductus deferens/zaadleider........................................................................................................123
Zaadstreng/funiculus spermaticus..............................................................................................123
Scrotum/balzak...........................................................................................................................123
Accessoire geslachtsklieren........................................................................................................125
Penis...........................................................................................................................................126
Mannelijk geslachtsstelsel bij vogels..............................................................................................129
Testis...........................................................................................................................................129

4

, Epididymis..................................................................................................................................130
Ductus deferens..........................................................................................................................130
Copulatieorgaan.........................................................................................................................130
Vrouwelijk geslachtsstelsel bij de huisdieren.................................................................................130
Ovarium/eierstok........................................................................................................................130
Eileider/tuba uterina..................................................................................................................130
Uterus/baarmoeder....................................................................................................................131
Vagina.........................................................................................................................................132
Vestibulum vaginae....................................................................................................................132
Vulva...........................................................................................................................................133
Ophanging van het vrouwelijk geslachtsapparaat in de buikholte.............................................133
Vrouwelijk geslachtsstelsel bij vogels.............................................................................................134
Ovarium......................................................................................................................................134
Oviductus....................................................................................................................................134
Cloaca.........................................................................................................................................134
Anus............................................................................................................................................134
H11 Integument.............................................................................................................................136
Algemene bouw & functie..............................................................................................................136
Functie........................................................................................................................................136
Opbouw......................................................................................................................................136
Interactie tussen dermis en epidermis.......................................................................................136
Integument bij de verschillende vertebraten.................................................................................137
Vissen.........................................................................................................................................137
Amfibieën...................................................................................................................................137
Reptielen....................................................................................................................................137
Vogels.........................................................................................................................................138
Zoogdieren, in het bijzonder onze huisdieren............................................................................139
Kleur van de huid............................................................................................................................142
Bron van kleuren........................................................................................................................142
Functie & gebruik van kleuren....................................................................................................143
Vitale systemen..............................................................................................................................143
H12 Energiebeheer........................................................................................................................144
Lichaamstemperatuur....................................................................................................................144
Opwarmen..................................................................................................................................144
Warmteverlies beperken............................................................................................................145
Afkoelen.....................................................................................................................................145

5

, Omgaan met koude en energieschaarste.......................................................................................145
Torpor en hibernatie...................................................................................................................145
Migratie naar betere oorden......................................................................................................146
Omgaan met hitte en droogte........................................................................................................146
H13 Ademhaling............................................................................................................................148
Kieuwademhaling bij vissen en amfibieën......................................................................................148
Algemene basis...........................................................................................................................148
Kieuwen bij beenvissen..............................................................................................................148
Evolutie naar longademhaling........................................................................................................148
Ademhalingsstelsel bij de huiszoogdieren......................................................................................149
Neus/nasus.................................................................................................................................149
Paranasale sinussen/neusnevenholten......................................................................................150
Nasopharynx/neuskeel...............................................................................................................151
Larynx/strottenhoofd.................................................................................................................151
Trachea/luchtpijp en bronchen..................................................................................................153
Pleurale holte/cavum pleurae....................................................................................................154
Longen........................................................................................................................................155
Ademhalingsstelsel.........................................................................................................................155
Larynx.........................................................................................................................................155
Trachea/luchtpijp.......................................................................................................................155
Syrinx..........................................................................................................................................156
Longen........................................................................................................................................156
Luchtzakken/sacci pneumatici....................................................................................................156
Ademhalingsmechanisme bij vogels...........................................................................................157
Endocriene klieren in de buurt van het ademhalingsstelsel.......................................................157
H14 Bloedcirculatie........................................................................................................................159
Inleidende begrippen.....................................................................................................................159
Enkelvoudige en dubbele bloedsomloop....................................................................................159
Bloedvaten..................................................................................................................................159
Bloed...........................................................................................................................................160
Circulatiestelsel bij de huiszoogdieren...........................................................................................161
Hart/cor/cardia...........................................................................................................................161
Longcirculatie (kleine bloedsomloop).........................................................................................164
Aortaboog & vena cava cranialis.................................................................................................165
Bloedvaten van de hals en kop...................................................................................................166
Aorta descendens.......................................................................................................................169

6

, Stroomgebied van de vena cava caudalis...................................................................................171
Vena azygos................................................................................................................................171
Bevloeiing van de maagdarmtractus..........................................................................................172
Bevloeiing van het genitaalstelsel en de blaas............................................................................173
Bloedvaten van het voorste lidmaat...........................................................................................174
Bloedvaten van het achterste lidmaat........................................................................................176
Circulatiesysteem bij vogels............................................................................................................178
Hart.............................................................................................................................................178
Arteriën......................................................................................................................................178
Venen.........................................................................................................................................178
Circulatiestelsel bij amfibieën en reptielen.....................................................................................178
H15 Lymfestelsel...........................................................................................................................179
Lymfevaten.....................................................................................................................................179
Cisterna chyli/lendencisterne.....................................................................................................179
Ductus thoracicus/borstbuis.......................................................................................................179
Truncus trachealis.......................................................................................................................179
Truncus lumbalis.........................................................................................................................179
Lymfeknopen..................................................................................................................................180
Algemeen....................................................................................................................................180
Craniale lymfeknopen.................................................................................................................180
Cervicale lymfeknopen...............................................................................................................180
Lymfeknopen van het voorbeen.................................................................................................181
Thoracale lymfeknopen..............................................................................................................181
Lymfeknopen van de buikholte..................................................................................................181
Lymfeknopen van het bekken en het achterbeen......................................................................181
Overig secundair lymfoïd weefsel...................................................................................................182
Milt.............................................................................................................................................182
Mucosa-geassocieerd lymfoïd weefsel.......................................................................................182
Primaire lymfoïde organen.............................................................................................................182
Thymus/zwezerik........................................................................................................................182
Bursa cloacalis............................................................................................................................182
H16 Zenuwstelsel..........................................................................................................................183
Inleiding..........................................................................................................................................183
Voorbeschouwing.......................................................................................................................183
Cellulaire basis............................................................................................................................183
Anatomische en functionele indeling.........................................................................................183

7

, Centraal en sympathisch zenuwstelsel...........................................................................................184
Ruggenmerg en algemene organisatie van de spinale zenuwen................................................184
Sympathische zijstreng en het sympathisch zenuwstelsel..........................................................186
Hersenen....................................................................................................................................188
Hersenvliezen en ruggenmergvliezen.........................................................................................192
Bloedvoorziening van de hersenen.............................................................................................193
Vormaanpassing van de schedelholte aan zijn inhoud...............................................................193
Perifeer en parasympathisch zenuwstelsel....................................................................................194
Craniale zenuwen.......................................................................................................................194
Spinale zenuwen en bezenuwing van de ledematen..................................................................197
H17 Waarneming...........................................................................................................................201
Fotoreceptie...................................................................................................................................201
De parig aangelegde, laterale ogen............................................................................................201
Het ‘’mediane, “derde” oog........................................................................................................203
Chemoreceptie...............................................................................................................................203
Reuk............................................................................................................................................203
Vomeronasaal orgaan/orgaan van Jakobsen..............................................................................203
Octavolateralissysteem..................................................................................................................204
Elektroreceptoren.......................................................................................................................204
Laterale lijn.................................................................................................................................204
Oor..............................................................................................................................................204
Tast & proprioceptie.......................................................................................................................205
Thermoreceptie..............................................................................................................................205
Magnetoreceptie............................................................................................................................205

8

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Samenvatting SVAA sem 1 en 2 - Pieter Cornillie

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