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Essay Unit 22 - Genetics A&B
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Bethany PerrinP1, M1, P2, P3, M2, and D1.
, P1- explain how genetics affects the process of human
reproduction from conception to birth.
M1- assess the role of genetics in the process of human
reproduction from conception to birth.
Introduction
In this assignment I will be explaining how genetics affect the
process of human reproduction from the point of conception to
birth. I will also be assessing the role of genetics within the cycle of
conception to birth and the importance its holds.
What are Genetics?
Genetics is defined as the scientific study of genes and heredity, this is of how certain characteristics
are passed from parents to offspring as a result of changes in a DNA sequence, this is shown by the
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (2021). We can see how their role is significant in
reproduction because they are the building blocks for human life and the foundation of the
characteristics an individual may possess.
Genes
A gene is the basic physical and functional
unit of heredity. Genes are made up of DNA.
Some genes act as instructions to make
molecules called proteins. However, many
genes do not code for proteins. In humans,
genes vary in size from a few hundred DNA
bases to more than 2 million bases. The core
elements or sequences actually take parts in
protein formation. While the regulatory
elements maintain gene expression. Exons
are core elements. Sequences on the other
side like promoters, enhancers and silencers
are regulatory elements of a gene. The third
type of element called maintenance elements possesses information for DNA
repair, modification, and replication. The functional or physical structure of a
gene comprises introns, exons, promotes, enhancers and UTRs. A part of DNA-
genes are made up of A, T, G and C nucleotides. With the nucleotides of the opposite strand, it binds
with hydrogen bonds and with the adjacent nucleotide, it binds with phosphodiester bonds. The
nucleotides are the combination of nitrogenous bases (A, T, G and C), phosphate and pentose
sugar. We can identify how the role of genetics in reproduction is vital because the DNA is passed on
from the mother and father of the child through sexual reproduction. This means that the zygote will be
formed from the genes that the sperm and egg carry within the reproductive system. This is especially
important as it determines the likelihood in genetic conditions which could be carried through into the
offspring as by Mendelian inheritance.
Genetic terminology
Genome- The complete amount of genetic information present in an organism is called the genome.
The genome is the entire set of genetic instructions found in a cell. In humans, the genome consists of
23 pairs of chromosomes, found in the nucleus, as well as a small chromosome found in the cells'
mitochondria. Each set of 23 chromosomes contains approximately 3.1 billion bases of DNA sequence.
Chromosomes- Most cells in the human body have a nucleus containing 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Chromosomes are made from very long molecules of DNA. A
small section of a chromosome that controls particular
characteristics, is called a gene. A chromosome is an organized
package of DNA found in the nucleus of the cell. Different
organisms have different numbers of chromosomes. Humans have
23 pairs of chromosomes--22 pairs of numbered chromosomes,
called autosomes, and one pair of sex chromosomes, X and Y.
Each parent contributes one chromosome to each pair so that
offspring get half of their chromosomes from their mother and half
from their father. We can see that through the role of genetics
within the reproductive cycle of conception, there can be
chromosomal disorders that can appear, this is of result of a faulty
gene or an added chromosome within the zygote. There are
numerous chromosomal disorders such as downs syndrome which
is where the child is born with an extra chromosome 21 which
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