Political Parties, Origins, Transformations And Future Prospects (MANBCU2024)
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samenvatting political parties (ppotfp) 21-22 + 20-21
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Political Parties, Origins, Transformations And Future Prospects (MANBCU2024)
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Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen (RU)
samenvatting van de stof per college (verdeeld in themas). HC 13 (pol parties in new democracies) is afgelopen jaar weggevallen maar komt later misschien weer terug in de cursus.
Political Parties, Origins, Transformations And Future Prospects (MANBCU2024)
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Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Political Parties origins, transformations and future prospects 2021-2022
1) Party models: hc 2
Party is an institution that seeks to influence a state and is capable of placing through elections. – the
central structure between society and government.
A modern day democracy without parties is unthinkable, they bring order out of chaos to the voters.
What are the party models? :
cadre party
mass party
catch-all party
cartel party
other parties:
mainstream
memberless
personal
movement
neo-mass (strong ideology combined with lot of charisma and strong civil society)
local and non-aligned mvm (pro-referenda/direct democracy; parties are not necessary)
2) Party systems (demand & supply), hc 3&4
party system = the system of interactions resulting from inter-party competition
- competition and interaction between parties make the party system
demand side: society; people & cleavages (bottom-up)
cleavage: deep structural divide that persist through time and generation
it is very much debatable how relevant the cleavages still are.
since 70s cleavages are less important due to: cognitive mobilisation: individuals are less imbedded,
more floating voters.
main changes in 70s: rise of welfare state & new type of middle class, changing working class,
secularization, more university students post material values
material values: security, economy, safety vs. post-material values: self-actualisation
external supply: structure; nature of party competition, electoral system, etc
internal supply: role of PP; organisation and ideology of parties
what kind of voting system?: single member (first past the post) vs. proportional (with open or closed
list) )
how is the party competition? how many and how relevant are parties (coalition or blackmail
potential) ; lvl of polarisation
3) Party ideologies, hc 5&6
Classical liberalism: 19th century, elite/ cadre party - rising bourgeoisie, middle class
fighting for constitutional reforms and (slightly) larger democracy
, ~ individualism, freedom, reason, justice, toleration
↓
When universal suffrage was achieved and the working class grew liberalism faded. Also growth of
mass parties.
↓
post-war liberals: from majority to minority party
~ culture: individual rights and cultural openness, multicultural ~ economic: more right; individual
freedom, less state interference and more market oriented
different types:
- classical: centre-right eco; blurring on culture
- social: more left wing culture; centre-left on eco (D66)
- conservative: centre right culture and eco (VVD)
still very small parties but key role due to shifting between conservative and liberal-democrats
classical conservatism: started as a cadre party with minimal party organisation and limited link to
civil society.
~ tradition, human imperfection, organic society, hierarchy, property
Had religious followers until Christian Democracy emerged.
↓
Became more a catch-all party after the war - paternalistic emphasis which also meant more welfare
state. This was the only way to survive.
↓
neo-conservatism: The welfare state was to blame for the economic changes in the 70s.
The welfare state changes society. Very much against workers unions, state intervention and
nationalisation - Thatcher
~ difference: more market oriented and individualistic; still little state intervention & traditional
values
christian democrats: created when liberals began moving away from the church. wanted clear
separation between state and society.
~ subsidiarity principle, christian form of individual freedom, mediation politics (also meeting with
unions)
↓ decline
changes to the welfare state + internal conflicts due to rise neo-conservatism & populism
solution differs: revival of old christian doctrine/ more communitarian ; splitting in left and right
wing ; radicalising (e.g. migration, national identity)
difference conservatism:
CD: more differences between countries, in search of identity, internal struggles
cons: more stable in terms of ideology, more market oriented, morally conservative
similar: family, hierarchy, community
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