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Comprehensive summary Qualitative Research Practice (MTO-E)
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Qualitative Research Methods samenvatting
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Summary of MAW-INT: Qualitative Research Methods incl trial exam + answers
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Summary of lecture slides for course "MAW-INT: Qualitative Research Methods" 2023/24
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H1. The foundations of qualitative researchBeliefs about the nature of the social world ontology (Wat is het?)
Nature of knowledge and how acquired epistemology (Hoe hiervan leren?)
Definition: ‘A naturalistic, interpretative approach, concerned with exploring
phenomena from the interior and taking the perspectives and accounts of
research participants as a starting point.’
Practices which make the world visible (Wat? Waarom? Hoe? i.p.v.
Hoeveel?)
Data bij QR is vaak erg uitgebreid en wordt gegenereerd door observaties, focus
groups en interviews.
Box 1.1
Karakteristieken QR
- In-depth and interpreted begrip social world (Hoe een actor de SW
interpreteerd vanuit zijn oogpunt)
- Gebruik van aanpasbare methodes
- Gedetailleerde data en outcomes, die phenomena precies beschrijven.
- De researcher moet kritisch over zichzelf zijn, kritisch over zijn eigen
positie in het onderzoek
Philosophical issues
Ontology gaat over de nature of reality en wat er over de wereld te weten valt.
1. Realism
= external reality exists
2. Idealism
= reality is fundamentally mind-dependent
Box 1.2
Realism
- Naive/shallow = reality nauwkeurig observeren
- Cautious = reality ongeveer kennen
- Depth/critical/transcendental = reality in different levels: empirical
(ervaren met zintuigen), actual (observeren), real (processen en
mechanismen)
- Subtle = alleen human mind kent reality
- Materialism
Idealism
- Subtle/contextual/collective = world constructured and shared by people in
particular contexts
- Relativism/radical = no shared social reality, only individual constructions
Epistemology
= hoe kunnen we leren van reality en wat vormt de basis van onze kennis
(knowing and learning)
Induction = Empirical facts law/theory (bottom-up)
, Deduction = law/theory tested against observations (top-down) (hypothesis
confirmed/rejected)
Onderzoekers kunnen nooit helemaal inductief of deductief onderzoek doen. Ze
worden beïnvloed door de dingen die ze eerder al geleerd of waargenomen
hebben.
Retroduction = researcher seeks explanation for patterns in the data and identify
structures that might have produced them.
Abduction = Everyday activities described and then a technical account is
abducted from the lay accounts using the researcher’s categories.
Box 1.3
Blaikie (2007) suggested retroduction and abduction.
- Retroduction = outcomes are visible, structures/mechanism are invisible
Nature of knowledge or truth:
- Foundational = wat de theorie zegt is datgene wat echt gebeurd in de
reality.
- Fallibilistic = kennis is voorlopig/tijdelijk (provisional)
- Value-mediated knowledge = affected by the values of the person
- Correspondence theory of truth = wanneer observatie gelijk is aan de
reality
- Coherence theory of truth = verschillende onderzoeken hebben dezelfde
uitkomst
- Pragmatic theory of truth = beliefs are true if they have practical utility
Box 1.4
Positivism/empiricism (Descartes, Newton, Bacon, Hume, Conté)
- Kennis produceren door middel van waarnemen met zintuigen
- Inductive reasoning
- Value free is posible
- Methodes van natural sciences kunnen worden gebruikt om de social world
te bestuderen
- Reality can be known accurately (foundational, correspondence theory of
truth)
Post-positivism/post-empiricism/falsificatoinism (Popper)
- Hypotheses gemaakt d.m.v. theorieën en daarna vergeleken met
observaties
- Deductive reasoning
- Value free is possible
- Methodes van natural sciences kunnen worden gebruikt om de social world
te bestuderen
- Reality can be known approximately (provisional, fallibilistic, coherence
theory of truth)
Box 1.5
Interpretivism/constructionism (observeren en interpreteren)
- Immanuel Kant = andere manieren van leren over de wereld dan directe
observatie. Mensen gebruiken deze manieren altijd. Het gaat niet alleen
over observeren met zintuigen, maar ook over het interpreteren van wat
de zintuigen ons vertellen.
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