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Toxicologie
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1e master DGK2021-2022
Diergeneeskundige Toxicologie
Tine Haesebrouck
Diergeneeskunde UGent
1e master DGK 2021-2022
,INHOUDSTABEL
Algemene toxicologie
Algemene Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................. 4
Geschiedenis ........................................................................................................................................................... 6
Basisbegrippen toxiciteit ......................................................................................................................................... 7
Giftige planten ...................................................................................................................................................... 10
Biologisch mechanisme van intoxicatie ................................................................................................................ 11
Soorten intoxicaties .............................................................................................................................................. 13
Algemene factoren die een intoxicatie beïnvloeden ............................................................................................ 15
Toxicokinetiek ....................................................................................................................................................... 16
indeling toxicologie ............................................................................................................................................... 21
Diagnose................................................................................................................................................................ 21
staalname voor toxicologische diagnose op het laboratorium ............................................................................. 22
Algemene principes van behandeling van intoxicaties ......................................................................................... 23
Bijzondere toxicologie
H1. Gifstoffen met inwerking op huid en mucosa........................................................................................... 25
Nitreuze gassen: NO2 - NO - N2O3 - N2O4 ....................................................................................................... 25
Chloor en verbindingen ..................................................................................................................................... 26
acute kopervergiftiging ..................................................................................................................................... 27
Fotosensibiliserende planten ............................................................................................................................ 28
H2. Gifstoffen met een invloed op het bloed en zijn functie ........................................................................... 32
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................................... 32
Nitraten en nitrieten ......................................................................................................................................... 32
chronische Koper vergiftiging ........................................................................................................................... 35
Adelaarsvaren ( Pteridium communis) LEERPAD ................................................................................ 39
Beuk (Fagus sylvatica) ....................................................................................................................................... 41
Eik (Quercus spp.) LEERPAD ................................................................................................................. 42
Nachtschadefamilie (Solanaceae) !!!! ............................................................................................................... 43
Bingelkruid (Mercurialis) leerpad ........................................................................................................ 45
CO (koolstofmonoxide) ..................................................................................................................................... 46
H3. Gifstoffen met tot gevolg een remming van de bloedstolling ................................................................... 48
4-OH-Coumarine derivaten ............................................................................................................................... 48
Indiaandionverbindingen en andere rodenticiden ........................................................................................... 52
,H4. Gifstoffen met een cardiovasculaire werking ........................................................................................... 53
Natriumchloride ................................................................................................................................................ 53
Natriumsulfaat .................................................................................................................................................. 54
Ionoforen leerpad ............................................................................................................................ 54
Taxus baccata (venijnboom) ............................................................................................................................. 57
Andere cardiotoxische planten leerpad ............................................................................................... 58
1. kardinaalmuts............................................................................................................................................ 58
2. Japanse Pieris ............................................................................................................................................ 58
3. Azalea en rhododendron ........................................................................................................................... 59
4. oleander .................................................................................................................................................... 59
H5. Gifstoffen met een invloed op de lever en de leverfunctie ....................................................................... 60
Polygechloreerde bifenylen (PCB’s) .................................................................................................................. 60
Dioxinen - Dibenzofuranen ............................................................................................................................... 64
Seneciosis .......................................................................................................................................................... 69
Mycotoxinen ..................................................................................................................................................... 71
Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................................... 71
AFLATOXINEN ................................................................................................................................................ 77
TRICHOTHECENEN ......................................................................................................................................... 80
ZEARALENONE ............................................................................................................................................... 82
Fumonisinen .................................................................................................................................................. 83
Ochratoxinen ................................................................................................................................................. 85
TREMORGENE MYCOTOXINEN ...................................................................................................................... 86
H6. Gifstoffen met een invloed op de nierfunctie ........................................................................................... 87
Ethyleenglycol ................................................................................................................................................... 87
Lelie (Lilium spp.) .............................................................................................................................................. 89
H7. Gifstoffen met een invloed op het celmetabolisme ................................................................................. 90
Zwavel (S), zwavelwaterstof (H2S) en zwaveldioxide (SO2) .............................................................................. 90
Blauwzuur (HCN) ............................................................................................................................................... 92
Cyanogenetische planten .................................................................................................................................. 95
Esdoorn ............................................................................................................................................................. 97
Herbiciden ......................................................................................................................................................... 98
H8. Gifstoffen met een invloed op het bewegingsstelsel en skelet ............................................................... 103
Fluorosis = chronische fluorvergiftiging .......................................................................................................... 103
Selenium.......................................................................................................................................................... 107
, H9.gifstoffen met een invloed op het centrale zenuwstelsel ........................................................................ 109
Ammoniakvergiftiging ..................................................................................................................................... 109
1. Ammoniak (NH3) ..................................................................................................................................... 109
2. Ammoniumzouten .................................................................................................................................. 109
3. NH3 afkomstig uit de voeding (NPN en sojameel) .................................................................................. 110
Lood................................................................................................................................................................. 113
Alfachlorasole.................................................................................................................................................. 119
pyrethrum en Pyrethroïden ............................................................................................................................ 120
Strychnine (braaknoot) ........................................................................................................................... 121
Alcoholen ........................................................................................................................................................ 123
Aldehyden ....................................................................................................................................................... 125
Buxus sempervirens (Palmboom) ................................................................................................................... 126
Brackan Disease - PTERIDIUM AQUILINUM .................................................................................................... 127
Gouden Regen (Cytisus laburnum) ................................................................................................................. 128
Paardenstaart (Equisetum spp.) ...................................................................................................................... 128
Acaciaboom (Robina Pseudoacacia - valse acacia) ......................................................................................... 129
H10. gifstoffen met een invloed op het autonome zenuwstelsel .................................................................. 130
Organische fosfaatesters................................................................................................................................. 130
1. Remming acetylcholinesterase (na signaal-overdracht) (acute intoxicatie) ........................................... 132
2. "Delayed Neurotoxicity" = vertraagd ...................................................................................................... 135
Overzicht Effecten organische fosfaatesters............................................................................................... 136
Organische carbamaatesters .......................................................................................................................... 137
Benzylbenzoaat ............................................................................................................................................... 138
Atropine en aanverwante alkaloïden .............................................................................................................. 139
Cyanobacteriën ............................................................................................................................................... 141
H11. Giftige voedingsmiddelen voor gezelschapsdieren ............................................................................... 142
Chocolade........................................................................................................................................................ 142
Xylitol .............................................................................................................................................................. 143
Allium spp........................................................................................................................................................ 143
Cannabis/spacecake ........................................................................................................................................ 143
Varia ................................................................................................................................................................ 144
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