Summary
Summary PYC1501 BASIC PSYCHOLOGY
- Course
- Institution
PYC1501 BASIC PSYCHOLOGY
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
Crème
Reviews received
Content preview
PYC1501_Basic PsychologyA-Z: Information modeling: Flow Charts
A FLOW CHART is a diagram that shows a flow or stream of information belonging to a central theme.
The chart should be well-formed, valid, relevant and comprehensive.
A well-formed chart:
o The elements of the chart are used correctly.
o The rules of the chart are applied correctly.
Elements are the symbols we use to build it
Rules are prescriptions for ways in which elements are used and combined
ELEMENTS
Symbols we use to build it:
o Rectangular-shaped boxes represents object and actions.
o Diamond-shaped boxes indicate decisions.
o Connecting lines are used to connect boxes.
o Arrows show the direction of the flow.
o Labels are used to name boxes
RULES
First simple rules:
o Labels attached to rectangular or diamond shaped box should be placed INSIDE box. With
connecting line labels are placed NEXT to the line.
o Connecting line joins a rectangular box it can be from any four sides of the box.
o Connecting line joins diamond box. It can be from any four corners of the box.
,STEPS OF A FLOW DIAGRAM
1. Identify the starting point.
2. Identify the next point in process.
3. Identify the next point in process.
4. Complete the remaining points.
5. Create the connections and labels.
6. Create a title.
A-Z: Human Nervous System: The structure of a neuron
A neuron (also called the nerve cell) is the basic building block.
The nervous system is a communication network.
100 billion neuron
THE MAIN PARTS OF A NEURON
Main parts are the dendrites, the cell body, the axon and axon terminals.
A cell body has many dendrites, but only one axon.
The function of a neuron is to convey a message. The message is transmitted from the dendrites
through the cell body and down the axon to the axon terminals.
Dendrites
o The dendrites are extensions of the cell body.
2
, o All this branching has a significant effect - it allow the neuron to connect to a large number of
other neurons.
The cell body (soma)
o The soma thus receives messages from other neurons through its dendrites and sometimes
directly through itself.
o The cell nucleus controls all metabolic activities in the cell. It is the control centre.
o The axon extends from the soma in a specialised area of the soma called the axon hillock.
The axon
o The stimulation (messages) is summed in the axon hillock.
o When the stimulation reaches a particular level, the axon hillock initiates an impulse that runs
along the axon.
o In many cases, axons are enclosed in a white fatty sheath called myelin, which insulates the
axon.
o Myelin sheaths are separated by small gaps, called nodes of Ranvier.
o Axons insulated with myelin conduct impulses much faster because it jumps from node to node.
o The effect of not having properly myelinated axons is seen in disease multiple sclerosis, which
attacks the myelin.
Axon terminals (telondendria)
o Axons ends in axon terminals called telondendria.
o The telondendron ends in a small knob, called a bouton terminal.
o Bouton terminals connects to dendrite branch of following neuron.
o Inside boutons are tiny containers, called vesicles, which are filled with neurotransmitters.
Synapse
o Small gap between the bouton terminal and a dendrite, called a synaptic cleft.
o The bouton vesicles of the telondendron release their neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.
TYPES OF NEURON
3
, 1. Sensory (afferent) neurons: Carry info detected by senses from environment to the spinal cord and
brain. Info come from outside and also organs.
2. Motor (efferent) neurons: Neurons conduct messages from the spinal cord and brain to the muscles
and glands.
a) Nerve tract: bundle is known as a nerve tract when it is in the spinal cord or the brain.
b) Nerve: bundle is called a nerve when it is in parts of the body that are not inside the brain and
spinal cord.
A-Z: Human Nervous System: Impulse conduction in the neuron
Neurons are the building blocks of human nervous system. Neurons work together.
All human behavior, such as thinking, learning, watching, feeling, planning or taking action, is based on
complicated interactions among neurons.
Messages are relayed by sensory organs, the info (stimuli) is translated into energy that can be relayed
by the neurons.
When the neuron is stimulated, it generates a nerve impulse.
The process by which messages are relayed in neurons is called: impulse conduction.
Impulse conduction made up of 2 main processes:
o Electrical: nerve impulse start at first segment of the axon and travels from axon to terminals
because of electrical events at the cell membrane.
o Chemical: passage of nerve impulse from one neuron to another is a chemical process.
ELECTRICAL PROCESS
1. The neuron is electrically changed
Neurons are like small electric battery with two poles, positive and negative. The difference between
the positive and negative poles is called potential difference.
There is fluid inside and outside the neuron. The membrane of the neuron forms a barrier. The fluid
contains various kinds of chemical particles, some of which are ions because they are electrically
charged.
These positive and negative ions are unevenly distributed on either side of the cell membrane to create
a potential difference.
When there is a potential difference, the neuron is electrically charged.
2. The resting membrane potential
4
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Crème. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $19.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
81989 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now