Psychologie Van Individuele Verschillen 1 (P0M07A)
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Samenvatting Psychologie Van Individuele Verschillen 1 (P0M07a)
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Course
Psychologie Van Individuele Verschillen 1 (P0M07A)
Institution
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)
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Psychologie Van Individuele Verschillen 1 (P0M07A)
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Inleiding..................................................................................................................................................4
Hoofdstuk 1: Doelstellingen en geschiedenis.........................................................................................4
Doelstellingen.....................................................................................................................................4
Verschillen met andere takken in de psychologie:.........................................................................4
Doel PID..........................................................................................................................................5
Wat?...............................................................................................................................................6
Doel?..............................................................................................................................................6
Door wie?.......................................................................................................................................7
Geschiedenis.......................................................................................................................................7
De benaming differentiële psychologie/PID...................................................................................7
Meten en beschrijven van individuele verschillen..........................................................................8
Proximale verklaringen van individuele verschillen......................................................................11
Distale verklaringen van individuele verschillen...........................................................................12
DUS: SAMENVATTING.......................................................................................................................15
Hoofdstuk 2: Methoden in de PID........................................................................................................16
Verzamelen van informatie over verschillen tussen mensen...........................................................16
Soorten gegevens in de PID..........................................................................................................16
Variabelen....................................................................................................................................20
Verbanden leggen tussen verschillen tussen mensen......................................................................21
soorten verbanden.......................................................................................................................21
de correlatie.................................................................................................................................22
Evaluatie van informatie over verschillen tussen mensen................................................................26
Betrouwbaarheid..........................................................................................................................26
validiteit........................................................................................................................................26
links tussen data en triangulatie...................................................................................................27
Correlationele vs. experimentele methode......................................................................................27
Factoranalyse...................................................................................................................................28
Inleiding........................................................................................................................................28
Factoranalyse met 1 factor...........................................................................................................29
Factor-analyse: Model met 2 factoren.........................................................................................32
Factoranalyse met meerdere factoren: Aantal factoren?.............................................................38
Factoranalyse: opmerkingen........................................................................................................39
Hoofdstuk 3: Inleiding en vraag............................................................................................................41
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................41
1
, Definitie persoonlijkheid...............................................................................................................41
Een fundamentele vraag...............................................................................................................42
Trekpsychologie................................................................................................................................43
Nomothetische trekpsychologie...................................................................................................43
Trektheorieen...................................................................................................................................47
Interactionisme.................................................................................................................................59
Inleiding........................................................................................................................................59
Implicatie van interactie..............................................................................................................60
Oorzaken van interactie................................................................................................................61
Visies op interactionisme..............................................................................................................62
Krachtmeting....................................................................................................................................71
Procentuele bijdrage van situationele en individuele verschilsvariantie tot gedrag.....................71
Onderzoek naar stabiliteit van gedrag..........................................................................................74
Onderzoek naar de personality coefficient...................................................................................76
Onderzoek naar consistentie op lange termijn.............................................................................78
Conclusies persoon-situatie debat................................................................................................84
Deel 3: Psychologie van de intelligentie...............................................................................................86
Inleiding en definities...........................................................................................................................86
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................86
Definitie volgens de leek...............................................................................................................86
Definitie volgens de experts.........................................................................................................87
Intelligentie en IQ.............................................................................................................................92
Francis Galton (1822-1911)..........................................................................................................92
Alfred Binet (1857-1911)..............................................................................................................92
IQ......................................................................................................................................................93
William Stern (1912).....................................................................................................................93
David WECHSLER (1896-1981)......................................................................................................94
IQ..................................................................................................................................................94
IQ: het meten van intelligentie.........................................................................................................95
Lewis Terman (1877-1956)...........................................................................................................95
Robert Yerkes (1876-1956)...........................................................................................................95
Wechsler.......................................................................................................................................96
Progressive matrices: ontwikkeld door Schotse psycholoog John Raven.....................................98
De structuur van intelligentie...............................................................................................................99
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................99
Psychometrische modellen.........................................................................................................100
2
, Spearman....................................................................................................................................100
Vernon........................................................................................................................................101
Thurstone...................................................................................................................................104
Guilford.......................................................................................................................................106
Cattell.........................................................................................................................................108
Carroll.........................................................................................................................................111
Evaluatie factoranalytisch onderzoek.........................................................................................112
Theoretische modellen...................................................................................................................113
Gardner: multiple intelligences..................................................................................................113
Sternberg....................................................................................................................................115
Conclusies.......................................................................................................................................117
Wat mogen we hieruit nu concluderen?....................................................................................117
Topics in intelligentieonderzoek.........................................................................................................119
Elementaire processen in intelligentie...........................................................................................119
Cognitieve correlaten.................................................................................................................119
Cognitieve componenten...........................................................................................................121
Oorzaken van intelligentie: Genen en opvoeding...........................................................................122
Klassiek onderzoek.....................................................................................................................122
Hedendaagse gedragsgenetica stelt fundamentele assumpties in vraag...................................124
Controverses..................................................................................................................................125
Rond opvoeding..........................................................................................................................125
Rond biologische basis................................................................................................................128
3
, Psychologie individuele
verschillen deel 1
Inleiding
= gemiddelde persoon
tot stand gekomen door representatieve steekproef te nemen van allerlei
mensen
Deze persoon bestaat niet!
iedereen is anders (fysiek + psychologisch)
spreken over gemiddelde persoon = spreken over persoon die niet bestaat
nood aan psychologie van de individuele verschillen
Psychologie van de individuele verschillen
onderzoek emoties (= belangrijk onderdeel van persoonlijkheid, leven)
= reacties op gebeurtenissen die voor ons van belang zijn
mensen verschillen in emoties die ze ervaren (steeds uitgelaten vs. Eerder somber)
Er zijn relatief stabiele verschillen TUSSEN mensen in hoe ze zich doorgaans voelen
= “inter-individuele verschillen”
+ mensen verschillen sterk in de emoties die ze ervaren van de ene situatie op de andere
mensen vertonen schommelingen over de tijd = “intra-individuele verschillen”
DUS:
Er zijn grote verschillen
TUSSEN mensen in de emoties die ze ervaren (inter-individuele verschillen)
BINNEN mensen van het ene moment op het andere (intra-individuele verschillen)
Dergelijke verschillen bestaan niet enkel op vlak van emoties, maar ook op vlak van
- meer algemeen: persoonlijkheid, gedrag
- intelligentie
deze verschillen= studieobject van psychologie van de individuele verschillen (beschrijven +
verklaren)
Hoofdstuk 1: Doelstellingen en geschiedenis
Doelstellingen
Verschillen met andere takken in de psychologie:
Verschillende takken uit psychologie: begaan met ontdekken van “algemene wetmatigheden”
- Functieleer: hoe werkt ons geheugen, perceptie, emoties en affect?
vb. Oorzaak van onze emoties?
- Sociale psychologie: hoe is ons gedrag functie van sociale factoren?
vb. sociale oorzaken en gevolgen van emoties?
- Biologische psychologie: hoe kunnen onze gedachten, gevoelens, en gedragingen verklaard
worden door onze biologie?
vb. neurale processen onderliggend aan emoties
4
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