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Summary of all articles of the course risk behavior and addiction in adolescence
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Louise ten Harmsen van der BeekSamenvatting artikelen
Lecture 1:
Dobbs: Risky behaviour during adolescence viewed from through the eyes of evolution. Our
brains undergo a massive reorganization between our 12th and 25th years. These changes
make the entire brain a much faster and sophisticated organ. Although sensation seeking
can lead to dangerous behaviours, it can also generate positive ones. Teens take more risks
because they value the reward more heavily than adults do.
Teens gravitate toward peers to invest in the future rather than the past. We perceive social
rejection as a threat to existence.
Excitement, novelty , risk and the company of peers define adolescence and make us more
adaptive, both as individuals and as a species; produced a creature optimally primed to
leave a safe home and move into unfamiliar territory = the adaptive-adolescence view.
Galdwin: There is a differential developmental speed of brain regions involved in
motivation and control processes; an imbalance between prefrontal cortical regions,
associated with executive functions, and subcortical brain regions (nucleus accumbus)
related to affect and motivation = frontostriatal model. This may lead to adolescents’
increased risk taking, which may be exacerbated by the neural consequences of drug use.
The literature on adolescent risk-taking and addiction converges on the idea of dual
processes, the existence of two qualitatively different types of process that underlie and
may compete for control of behavior.
Successful working memory training with problem drinkers suggests that top-down biasing
aspect of working memory, or executive control functions, as well as control of access to
WM are trainable.
Another intervention is attentional bias modification = training towards or away from
stimuli. And Approach bias modification with push and pull from cues of addiction.
Lopez-Leon: Reviews the normal adolescent’s experience and the attendant risk for misuse.
The greatest risk for substance use of any form in adolescence is the effect of peers, which
may be followed by psychiatric conditions, genetic components and other social forces. For
each individual adolescent other non-diagnostic forces include sensation-seeking behavior,
insufficient impulse control, insufficient abstract reasoning or planning and omnipotent
feelings. Maintenance of use may be more tolerable because of a lack of effects on the
adolescent’s social or biological world. Other risk factors associatied with experimentation
are availability, attitudes and family dynamics.
Theories of psychoactive substance use are: the gateway hypothesis (biochemical level,
individual learning level, societal level, cognitive impairment level) and the reverse gateway
hypothesis, for some nicotine smokers, cannabis use precedes nicotine use.
Sussman: Gives definition of addiction and drugs as in the lecture. Examples of intensional
definitions of addiction:
a) Physiological and psychological dependence: tolerance + withdrawal + craving
b) Impulsive-obsessive/compulsive behavior: release of built-up tension
c) Self-medication: relief from disordered emotions
d) Self-regulation: achieve an immediate temporary sense of comfort (BAS-BIS mode)
, Louise ten Harmsen van der Beek
a. Incentive-sensitization theory: influence of neural adaptation to addictive
behaviors
b. Allostasis: addiction is due to the dysregulation of the neurotransmission-
hormonal system
e) Addiction entrenchment: over-attachment to a drug, object or activity
Examples of extensional definitions of addiction:
a) Six-component definition: salience (tendency for the addiction to dominate one’s
thoughts, feelings and behavior), mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal
symptoms, conflict and relapse
b) Five-component definition: appetitive effects, satiation, preoccupation, loss of
control and negative consequences. Tolerance and withdrawal are included in
preoccupation.
c) DSM-V: 11 criteria which reflect impaired control, social impairment, risky use and
pharmacological effects
Lecture 2:
Brand et al: About internet-use disorders. They suggest an Interaction of Person-Affect-
Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model of specific Internet-use disorders. This is a theoretical
framework for the processes underlying ht edevelopment and maintenance of an addictive
use of certain Internet applications or sites. They consider internet-use disorders to be the
consequence of interactions between predisposing factors, such as neurobiological and
psychological constitutions, moderators, such as coping styles and internet-related cognitive
biases, and mediators, such as affective and cognitive responses to situational triggers in
combination with reduced executive functioning.
Van den Eijnden: This paper shows that symptoms of disordered use of games and social
media predict a decrease in the psychosocial well-being and school performances of
adolescents (stronger for boys than girls), thereby meeting one of the core criteria of
behavioral addictions. Thus it shows that IGD and SMD should be regarded as behavioral
addictions. In contrast, heavy gaming and social media use do not appear to have negative
effects on the psychosocial well-being; even some positive effects are found. This was a
longitudinal study.
Koning: This study investigates the mediating effect of self-control on the relationship
between alcohol-specific rules and adolescents’ drinking behavior and whether this
mediation effect depends on the level of quality of communication. Findings imply that strict
rule setting in combination with qualitative parent-child communication is an important
target for prevention. High qualitative parent-child communication is important for
adolescents’ motivation to engage in self-control. NO direct relationship between quality of
communication and alcohol use. But high quality increased self-control. Strict rules
always lead to decreased alcohol consumption. These findings are in line with self-
determination theory
Ryan: This review shows that parental practices play a significant protective and promotive
role in managing adolescent risk behaviors. Parental monitoring and communication
prevented drug initiation, delayed alcohol initiation and sexual debut, increased alcohol
refusal efficacy and decreased delinquent behavior and risk taking behaviors in high risk
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