Samenvatting Ontwikkelingspsychologie Deel 1 (P0R43a)
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Course
Ontwikkelingspsychologie Deel 1 (P0R43A)
Institution
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)
Dit is een samenvatting van alle lessen en de powerpoint. Ik hoorde van vorige jaren dat het boek niet belangrijk is. Ik heb dat zelf nog eens nagekeken en het komt inderdaad goed overeen, de dingen die er niet instaan zijn dan ook niet belangrijk.
Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1: Geschiedenis, Theorie en onderzoeksmethoden..............................................................7
Theorie...............................................................................................................................................7
3 basisvragen in de ontwikkeling....................................................................................................7
Fasen in de ontwikkeling................................................................................................................9
Domeinen van ontwikkeling...........................................................................................................9
Multidimensioneel - veelvormig.....................................................................................................9
Invloeden op de ontwikkeling.........................................................................................................9
Geschiedenis.....................................................................................................................................10
Vroege wetenschappelijke theorieën...........................................................................................10
Onderzoeksmethoden.....................................................................................................................11
Psychoanalystische benadering:...................................................................................................11
Behaviorisme en sociale leertheorie.............................................................................................13
Theorie ~ Piaget............................................................................................................................14
Informatieverwerkingstheorie......................................................................................................15
Ontwikkelingsneurowetenschap..................................................................................................15
3 contextuele theorieën...............................................................................................................16
Wetenschappelijk onderzoek.......................................................................................................18
Hoofdstuk 3..........................................................................................................................................22
Prenatale ontwikkeling en invloeden...............................................................................................22
Bevruchting...................................................................................................................................22
Perioden prenatale ontwikkeling..................................................................................................22
Periode van het Embryo...............................................................................................................23
Periode van foutus........................................................................................................................24
Prenatale omgevingsinvloeden........................................................................................................24
Drugs/Medicijnen.........................................................................................................................26
Bestraling en Vervuiling Omgeving...............................................................................................27
Infectieziekten..............................................................................................................................27
Overige factoren moeder.............................................................................................................27
Prenatale begeleiding is belangrijk...............................................................................................28
(Natuurlijke) geboorte, medische ingrepen en geboortecomplicaties.............................................29
3 stadia van de geboorte..............................................................................................................29
Aanpassing baby aan arbeid en bevalling.....................................................................................29
De Apgar-schaal............................................................................................................................30
Benaderingen van bevalling..........................................................................................................30
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, Geboortecomplicaties..................................................................................................................31
Medische ingrepen.......................................................................................................................31
Prematuren...................................................................................................................................32
Verbazende capaciteiten van pasgeborenen (reflexen, ‘states’, zintuigen).....................................34
Reflexen Pasgeborene..................................................................................................................34
States of arousal...........................................................................................................................35
Zintuigen.......................................................................................................................................36
Neonatal Behavioral AQSSESSMENT Scale (NBAS).......................................................................36
Aanpassen aan nieuw familielid.......................................................................................................38
Hormonale veranderingen............................................................................................................38
Aanpassingen aan veranderend gezin..........................................................................................38
Hoofdstuk 5: cognitieve ontwikkeling bij baby’s en peuters................................................................39
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................39
Cognitieve ontwikkeling eerste 2 jaar...........................................................................................39
Theorie van Piaget (sensori-motorisch stadium)..............................................................................39
1ste stadum: sensori-motorische stadium (0-2 jaar)......................................................................39
Schema’s.......................................................................................................................................39
Circulaire reactie(CR)....................................................................................................................40
Later onderzoek (na Piaget)..........................................................................................................41
Evaluatie Piaget............................................................................................................................44
Informatieverwerkingstheorie..........................................................................................................44
Korte termijn geheugen................................................................................................................45
Lange-termijn geheugen...............................................................................................................45
Vooruitgang inzake informatie-verwerking in Baby/Peuter-leeftijd.............................................45
Geheugen.....................................................................................................................................46
Ontwikkeling van categorisatie.....................................................................................................46
Evaluatie Info-verwerking.............................................................................................................46
Sociale context van cognitieve ontwikkeling (Vygotsky)...................................................................46
Invloeden op cognitieve ontwikkeling: 3 theorieën......................................................................47
Individuele verschillen (intelligentietests en stimulering)................................................................47
Intelligentietests...........................................................................................................................48
Stimuleringsprogramma’s.............................................................................................................49
Taalontwikkeling...............................................................................................................................49
Theorie 1: Nativisme.....................................................................................................................50
Theorie 2: Interactionisme............................................................................................................50
Voorbereiding op praten..............................................................................................................50
2
, Vocalisaties en brabbelen.............................................................................................................51
Echt gaan communiceren.............................................................................................................51
Hoofdstuk 6: Emotionele en Sociale Ontwikkeling bij Baby’s en Peuters.............................................54
Theorie van Erikson..........................................................................................................................54
Psychosociale stadia bij baby’s en peuters...................................................................................54
Ontwikkeling van emoties................................................................................................................54
Begrijpen/Reageren emoties anderen..........................................................................................55
Sociale bevestiging zoeken (“social referencing”)........................................................................55
Zelf-bewuste emoties...................................................................................................................56
Emotionele zelfregulering.............................................................................................................56
Temperament en ontwikkeling.........................................................................................................56
Temperament...............................................................................................................................56
Ontwikkeling van gehechtheid.........................................................................................................61
Ethologisch theorie.......................................................................................................................61
Meten van gehechtheid................................................................................................................62
Patronen van gehechtheid............................................................................................................62
Stabiliteit gehechtheid..................................................................................................................63
Cultuurverschillen.........................................................................................................................64
Factoren die invloed hebben op veilige gehechtheid...................................................................64
Meervoudige gehechtheid............................................................................................................66
Gehechtheid en latere ontwikkeling.............................................................................................67
Ontwikkeling van het zelf gedurende de eerste 2 jaar.....................................................................68
Zelfbewustzijn...............................................................................................................................68
Zelf-controle.................................................................................................................................69
Hoofdstuk 7: Fysieke en cognitieve ontwikkeling bij kleuters..............................................................70
Piaget: Pre-operationele stadium.....................................................................................................70
Ontwikkeling verbeeldingsspel.....................................................................................................70
Egocentrisme................................................................................................................................71
Conservatie...................................................................................................................................71
Hiërarchische classificatie.............................................................................................................72
Preoperationeel stadium..............................................................................................................73
Vygotsky...........................................................................................................................................74
Private taal....................................................................................................................................74
Sociale oorsprong van denken......................................................................................................74
Vygotsky en onderwijs..................................................................................................................74
Evaluatie theorie Vygotsky...........................................................................................................75
3
, Informatieverwerkings-theorie.........................................................................................................75
Executieve functies: inhibitie, flexiebel van aandacht, werkgeheugen, planning.........................75
Geheugen: herkenning en herinnering; episodisch geheugen......................................................76
‘Theory of mind’: ‘false belief’......................................................................................................77
Vroege vormen lezen/schrijven....................................................................................................79
Wiskundig redeneren...................................................................................................................80
Individuele verschillen in mentale ontwikkeling (tests)....................................................................80
Factoren die bijdragen tot individuele verschillen:.......................................................................80
Thuisomgeving..............................................................................................................................80
Taalontwikkeling...............................................................................................................................84
Woordenschat..............................................................................................................................84
Grammatica..................................................................................................................................85
Conversatie...................................................................................................................................85
Ondersteunen van taalontwikkeling.............................................................................................86
Hoofdstuk 8: Emotionele en Sociale Ontwikkeling bij Kleuters............................................................87
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................87
Erikson: initiatief tegenover schuld..................................................................................................87
Zichzelf begrijpen.............................................................................................................................87
Zelf-Waardering............................................................................................................................88
Emotionele ontwikkeling..................................................................................................................88
Emotionele competenties.............................................................................................................88
Begrijpen van Emoties..................................................................................................................88
Emotionele Zelfregulering............................................................................................................88
Zelfbewuste emoties....................................................................................................................89
Empathie, sympathie en prosocial gedrag....................................................................................89
Relaties met leeftijdgenoten (‘peers’)..............................................................................................89
Follow-up onderzoek spelen met peers........................................................................................90
Culturele verschillen in spel..........................................................................................................90
Vriendschap..................................................................................................................................90
Invloeden ouders op relaties met peers.......................................................................................91
Fundamenten van moraliteit en agressie.........................................................................................91
Moraliteit......................................................................................................................................91
Psychoanalyse...............................................................................................................................91
Sociale leertheorie: model leren...................................................................................................92
Cognitieve ontwikkelingsbenadering............................................................................................94
Grondslagen van moraliteit en agressie.......................................................................................95
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