the structural to functional relationship of cells in animals and plants
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University of Central Lancashire Preston (UClan)
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Molecular And Cellular Biology
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YOC002
Discuss the structural to functional relationship of cells in Animals and Plants.
Within this assignment, I shall be discussing the structure, roles and functions within the
different type of cells that are located in the plant (1) and animal cells (3). The cells that
I will be discussing will be: The nerve, sperm, ovum and plant cell wall.
Neurons are main units of the nervous system, and the most important part of this is the
brain. Each neuron contains a cell body (Soma), nucleus and other commonly found
types of organelles. These include: endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus,
mitochondria dendrites and axons. Neurons keep connected to each other and are also
found within organs and tissues. However, they do not come in contact with one
another; they form small gaps that are known as synapses.
Located on the soma are dendrites, these are small antennae features that expand out
and pick up other signals from other cells.
The nerve cell is enclosed and bundled together consisting of axons that are located
within the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The primary objective of the axon is to
transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands. Axons take information
away from the cell body.
The neuron unit has a more specialised structure, including dendrites and axons.
Neurons can become active once they have received stimuli's. Dendrites are the
structures that are located on the neurons that can receive electrical impulses. Once a
signal impulse has been picked up by the dendrite, it will then travel towards the cell
body.
The shape of the nerve is determined by the job role it is undertaking. Generic nerve
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cells are commonly shaped like trees, although some are round or a pyramidal shape.
Neurons are the working unit for the nerve cells; they are located within the brain, spinal
cord and the peripheral nerves. Whereas, the nerve cells are situated within peripheral
nervous system (PNS). These impulses process and transmit information from the
axons and send signals to the neuron. Neurons conduct nerve impulses,
while nerves transmit information to various parts of the body.
The nervous system is all connected to other neurons and or cells that are located
within the muscles, glands or organs. Nerve impulses are transported electrically along
the neuron; this is sent through chemical messengers which are known as
neurotransmitters. Once the impulse has been sent from the neuron, it is then sent
between the synapse, and then towards another cell.
The human race can reproduce through a term known as sexual reproduction. This is in
the hopes that the female partner will produce an offspring that is a unique individual.
Half of the genes will come from the father and the other half will come from the mother.
There are a total of 46 chromosomes.
The male gametes can adapt in different forms to increase the chances of fertilisation.
This could be caused in different factors, such as an increase in cell production. Within
fertilisation, a male gamete and female gamete will join together in the hopes of creating
a zygote.
The sperm cell consists of 3 structural parts. The head, middle section and tail. This
style of structure ensures that it is fully designed to successfully carry out its main
function. The tail of this cell gives it full momentum to travel towards the ovum; therefore
it can create the embryo in the first place.
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