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samenvatting filosofie
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samenvatting lessen filosofie 2022
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Samenvatting filosofieInhoud
Inleiding..................................................................................................................................................4
Modern wereldbeeld..............................................................................................................................5
1. Leven in de moderne tijd................................................................................................................5
2. Premoderniteit en moderniteit......................................................................................................7
A. Het aristotelische wereldbeeld...................................................................................................8
B. De moderne wetenschap............................................................................................................9
C. Mechanisering van het wereldbeeld........................................................................................10
3. Moderniteit en zingeving..............................................................................................................10
Moderne economie..............................................................................................................................11
1. Economie en maatschappij...........................................................................................................11
2. Vervreemding en fetisjisme..........................................................................................................12
A. Marx over vervreemding..........................................................................................................13
B. Marx’ kritiek van de religie:......................................................................................................13
C. Marx over de moderniteit........................................................................................................13
D. De fetisjismetheorie.................................................................................................................14
3. De triomf van de doelrationaliteit................................................................................................15
4. De kolonisering van de leefwereld................................................................................................17
Authentiek leven..................................................................................................................................19
1. Moderniteit en authenticiteit.......................................................................................................19
2. Kierkegaard en de 3 levensstadia.................................................................................................19
1. Esthetische stadium (don juan).................................................................................................20
2. Ethisch stadium (Socrates (469-399 v.Chr.)).............................................................................20
3. Religieuze stadium (Abraham)..................................................................................................21
3. Heidegger en het Zijn-tot-de-dood...............................................................................................21
Wetenschappelijke kennis....................................................................................................................26
1. Ontstaan moderne wetenschap...................................................................................................26
2. Hume en het probleem van Inductie............................................................................................28
4. Popper en het Falsificationisme....................................................................................................31
Consequentialisme...............................................................................................................................32
1. Ethische theorieën........................................................................................................................32
2. Ethiek en het bedrijfsleven...........................................................................................................33
3. Het utilitarisme van Bentham en Mill...........................................................................................34
1
, 4. Objecties tegen het utilitarisme....................................................................................................38
4.1. Minimaal nut.........................................................................................................................38
4.2. Valse overtuigingen...............................................................................................................38
4.3. Belang van regels (morele regels)..........................................................................................39
4.4. Onhaalbare consequenties....................................................................................................39
4.5. Inhoudelijke criteria...............................................................................................................40
4.6. Onderscheid tussen personen...............................................................................................40
4.7. Verdeling van nut...................................................................................................................41
4.8. Belang sociale verhouding.....................................................................................................41
Deontologie..........................................................................................................................................41
1. Ethische theorieën........................................................................................................................41
2. De deontologie van Kant..............................................................................................................42
3. De categorische imperatief...........................................................................................................45
4. betekenis en kritiek......................................................................................................................48
1. Te streng...................................................................................................................................48
2. Inhoudsloos..............................................................................................................................48
3. Te weinig ambitieus..................................................................................................................49
4. Geen concreet advies bij conflict..............................................................................................49
5. Niet geschikt voor beleidscontexten.........................................................................................49
6. Te onpersoonlijk.......................................................................................................................49
7. Te ideologisch...........................................................................................................................49
8. Te universeel.............................................................................................................................49
Deugdethiek.........................................................................................................................................49
1. Ethische theorieën........................................................................................................................49
2. Deugdethiek.................................................................................................................................50
3. Zorgethiek.....................................................................................................................................54
Rechtvaardigheid (1)............................................................................................................................56
1. Politieke filosofie..........................................................................................................................56
2. Belastingen en Eigendom.............................................................................................................57
3. Rawls over rechtvaardigheid........................................................................................................59
Rechtvaardigheid (2)............................................................................................................................65
1. Nozick over rechtvaardigheid.......................................................................................................65
2. Dworkin over rechtvaardigheid....................................................................................................68
3. Cohen over rechtvaardigheid.......................................................................................................71
Democratie...........................................................................................................................................72
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................72
2
, 1. Schumpeter en het aggregatieve model.......................................................................................73
2. Habermas en het deliberatieve Model.........................................................................................75
3. Mouffe en het agonistische model...............................................................................................76
Conclusie..........................................................................................................................................79
Begrippen te kennen voor het examen................................................................................................79
3
, Inleiding
WAT IS FILOSOFIE?
verschillende betekenissen:
- Mening of denkwijze
- Levens-of wereldbeschouwing
- Studie van algemene beginselen
Filosofie als (radicaal) kritische reflectie over …
G.W.F. Hegel: “De uil van Minerva begint haar vlucht pas bij het aanbreken van de
avondschemering.”
Vier klassieke subdisciplines:
- Metafysica / ontologie: zijnsleer: Wat betekent het dat iets bestaat?
- Epistemologie: kenleer: Wat is (wetenschappelijke) kennis?
- Ethiek: zedenleer: Wat is goed of juist handelen?
- Logica: redeneerkunde: Wat zijn geldige redeneringen?
Plato, Theaetetus 155d: “Dit gevoel van verwondering toont aan dat je een filosoof bent, want
verwondering is het enige begin (Gr. archè) van filosofie.”
Aristoteles, Metaphysica I.2, 982b10-20: “Mensen zijn voor het eerst begonnen met filosoferen –en
doen dit ook nu nog– omdat ze zich verwonderen. In het begin werd hun verwondering gewekt door
bevreemdende dingen rondom hen, daarna gingen ze geleidelijk verder en stelden ze vragen over
grotere kwesties, zoals de gestalten van de maan, de posities van zon en sterren en het ontstaan van
het heelal.” (Vert. C. Steel)
→ Verwondering als begin én beginsel van de filosofie
Kenmerken:
- Houding: Afstand, twijfel, vragen, nuance SPANNING
- Oogmerk: Streven naar inzicht, samenhang, theorieën
- Instrumentarium: Intuïties, gedachte-experimenten en rationele argumentatie, logische analyse
Historische evolutie:
- Oudheid:Filosofie vs. Mythologie
- Middeleeuwen: Filosofie vs. Religie
- Moderniteit: Filosofie vs. Wetenschap
VERHOUDING FILOSOFIE-ECONOMIE
Twee paradigma's? “When I am being introduced to someone I haven’t met before and my new
acquaintance asks me what I am doing, they often look at me in surprise, puzzlement or sheer
disbelief when I tell them I am a “philosopher of economics.” Aren’t philosophy and economics two
completely different kettles of fish? Isn’t economics a science that deals in facts which can be
expressed in figures and equations, and isn’t philosophy a discipline belonging to the humanities,
more akin to the arts than the sciences, and dealing with ideas rather than data? Somewhat more
provocatively, aren’t economists cold-hearted proponents of free markets and individual
responsibility and philosophers naive believers in idealistic principles and the human good?”
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