Een volledige samenvatting van het vak histologie, gedoceerd door prof. De Smet. Het document bevat alle modules van het leerplatform 'Sofia', waar nodig aangevuld met eigen notities. Ik heb er ook een inhoudstabel aan toegevoegd om alle onderdelen makkelijk terug te vinden. :)
,Inhoudsopgave
1. Methoden en technieken in de cel- en weefselleer .................................................................................... 10
1.1 Inleiding ...................................................................................................................................................... 10
1.1.1 Van cel tot weefsel ............................................................................................................................. 10
1.1.2 Verschillende microscopische technieken .......................................................................................... 11
1.1.3 De resolutie van microscopie ............................................................................................................. 11
1.1.4 Het gebruik van licht- en elektronenmicroscopie in de histologie ..................................................... 12
1.1.5 Anatomopathologie ............................................................................................................................ 12
1.2 Weefselcollectie voor histologie ................................................................................................................. 13
1.2.1 Verschillende types stalen voor histologie ......................................................................................... 13
1.3 Lichtmicroscopie ......................................................................................................................................... 14
1.3.1 Visualisatie van cellen in cultuur ........................................................................................................ 14
1.3.2 Fluorescentiemicroscopie: principe .................................................................................................... 14
1.3.3 Fluorescentiemicroscopie: opbouw ................................................................................................... 15
1.3.4 Confocale fluorescentie microscopie ................................................................................................. 15
1.3.5 Levende weefsels bestuderen ............................................................................................................ 15
1.3.6 FACS: fluorescence assisted cell sorting ............................................................................................. 16
1.3.7 Weefselpreparatie voor lichtmicroscopie .......................................................................................... 16
1.3.8 Weefselpreparatie voor lichtmicroscopie (2) ..................................................................................... 17
1.3.9 Weefselbewaring en fixatie ................................................................................................................ 18
1.3.10 Weefselbewaring en fixatie (2) ......................................................................................................... 19
1.4 Elektronenmicroscopie ............................................................................................................................... 20
1.4.1 Analyse van ultrastructuren aan de hand van EM .............................................................................. 20
1.4.2 Transmissie-elektronenmicroscopie (TEM) ........................................................................................ 21
1.4.3 Staalpreparatie voor TEM ................................................................................................................... 21
1.4.4 Stalen 'kleuren' voor TEM ................................................................................................................... 21
1.4.5 Scanning elektronenmicroscopie (SEM) ............................................................................................. 22
1.4.6 TEM vs SEM ........................................................................................................................................ 22
1.5 Weefselkleuringen voor histologie ............................................................................................................. 23
1.5.1 Staalpreparatie voor kleuringen ......................................................................................................... 23
1.5.2 Haematoxyline-eosine kleuring .......................................................................................................... 23
1.5.3 Empirische kleuringen ........................................................................................................................ 24
1.5.4 Histochemische kleuring ..................................................................................................................... 24
1.5.5 Enzymhistochemische kleuringen ...................................................................................................... 25
1.5.6 Immunohistochemische kleuringen ................................................................................................... 25
1.5.7 Immunohistochemische kleuringen (2) .............................................................................................. 25
1.5.8 Immunohistochemische kleuringen (3) .............................................................................................. 25
2. De Cel ......................................................................................................................................................... 26
2.1 Inleiding ...................................................................................................................................................... 26
2.1.1 Verschillende cel types ....................................................................................................................... 26
2.1.2 Rol van histologie................................................................................................................................ 26
2.1.3 Algemene opbouw van de cel ............................................................................................................ 26
2.2 Biomembranen ........................................................................................................................................... 27
2.2.1 Structuur van een membraan ............................................................................................................. 27
2.2.2 Opbouw van een biomembraan ......................................................................................................... 27
2.2.3 Functionele kenmerken van een biomembraan ................................................................................. 28
2.2.4 Samenstelling van een biomembraan ................................................................................................ 28
2.3 Transport in en uit de cel ............................................................................................................................ 29
2.3.1 Cellulair transport via endo- en exocytose ......................................................................................... 29
2.3.2 Coated pits en Caveolae ..................................................................................................................... 30
, 2.4 De kern ....................................................................................................................................................... 31
2.4.1 Algemene opbouw van de kern .......................................................................................................... 31
2.4.2 Kernporiën .......................................................................................................................................... 31
2.4.3 Het chromatine ................................................................................................................................... 31
2.4.4 De nucleolus ....................................................................................................................................... 31
2.5 De nucleolus ............................................................................................................................................... 32
2.5.1 Algemene opbouw van mitochondriën .............................................................................................. 33
2.5.2 Energie productie in de mitochondriën .............................................................................................. 33
2.6 Het endoplasmatisch reticulum .................................................................................................................. 34
2.6.1 Algemene opbouw van het endoplasmatisch reticulum (ER)............................................................. 34
2.6.2 Het ruw endoplasmatisch reticulum (RER) ......................................................................................... 34
2.6.3 Het glad (smooth) endoplasmatisch reticulum (SER) ......................................................................... 34
2.6.4 Het Golgi apparaat .............................................................................................................................. 35
2.6.5 Eiwit synthese door ER/Golgi systeem ............................................................................................... 36
2.7 Vesikels ....................................................................................................................................................... 36
2.7.1 Wat zijn vesikels?................................................................................................................................ 36
2.7.2 Lysosomen .......................................................................................................................................... 36
2.7.3 Peroxisomen ....................................................................................................................................... 37
2.8 Het cytoskelet ............................................................................................................................................. 37
2.8.1 Algemene opbouw van het cytoskelet ............................................................................................... 37
2.8.2 Actine- of microfilamenten ................................................................................................................. 38
2.8.3 Functionele ordening van actine-filamenten ..................................................................................... 38
2.8.4 Functie van actine-filamenten ............................................................................................................ 39
2.8.5 Microtubuli ......................................................................................................................................... 40
2.8.6 Centriolen en het microtubulus organiserend centrum (MTOC) ....................................................... 40
2.8.7 De locatie van MTOCs ......................................................................................................................... 40
2.8.8 De dynamiek van microtubuli (+ animatie) ........................................................................................ 41
2.8.9 Stabilisatie en afbraak van microtubuli .............................................................................................. 41
2.8.10 Intermediaire filamenten ................................................................................................................. 42
2.8.11 Klassen van intermediaire filamenten .............................................................................................. 42
2.8.12 De aanmaak van intermediaire filamenten ...................................................................................... 43
2.8.13 Vergelijking van de verschillende filamenten ................................................................................... 44
2.8.14 De verschillende filamenten in de cel: algemeen overzicht ............................................................. 44
2.9 Celinclusies en stapelingsproducten ........................................................................................................... 45
2.9.1 Lipofuscine .......................................................................................................................................... 45
2.9.2 Vetten ................................................................................................................................................. 45
2.9.3 Gycogeen ............................................................................................................................................ 45
2.10 De celdeling .............................................................................................................................................. 46
2.10.1 Mitose ............................................................................................................................................... 46
2.10.2 De verschillende fazen van de mitose .............................................................................................. 46
2.10.3 Animatie van de celcyclus (video) .................................................................................................... 47
2.10.4 Meiose .............................................................................................................................................. 47
2.10.5 Celdeling via Meiose (video) ............................................................................................................. 48
2.11 Celdood ..................................................................................................................................................... 48
2.11.1 Apoptose vs necrose......................................................................................................................... 48
2.11.2 Apoptose vs necrose (video animatie) ............................................................................................. 49
2.11.3 Apoptose: intrinsieke en extrinsieke pathways (+ animatie) ........................................................... 49
2.12 Finaal overzicht van de celstructuur ......................................................................................................... 49
2.12.1 Overzicht van de celstructuur (video) .............................................................................................. 49
3. Epitheelweefsel .......................................................................................................................................... 49
3.1 Classificatie van epitheel ............................................................................................................................ 49
, 3.1.1 De verschillende soorten laterale epitheel verbindingen .................................................................. 49
3.1.2 Het ontstaan van epitheelweefsel ...................................................................................................... 50
3.1.3 Epitheel: oriëntatie en eigenschappen ............................................................................................... 50
3.1.4 De verschillende soorten epitheel ...................................................................................................... 50
3.2 Cel-cel verbindingen tussen epitheel cellen ................................................................................................ 51
3.2.1 Laterale epitheelcel verbindingen ...................................................................................................... 51
3.2.2 Tight Junctions (TJs) ............................................................................................................................ 52
3.2.3 Paracellulair transport wordt geregeld door TJs ................................................................................ 53
3.2.4 Verankerende verbindingen ............................................................................................................... 54
3.2.5 Structuur van een verankerende verbinding ...................................................................................... 54
3.2.6 De “adherens junction” of zonula adherens (+ video) ....................................................................... 55
3.2.7 Het Desmosoom ................................................................................................................................. 55
3.2.8 Gap junctions ...................................................................................................................................... 55
3.3 Cel-matrix verbindingen ............................................................................................................................. 56
3.3.1 Cell-Matrix verbindingen .................................................................................................................... 56
3.3.2 Het hemidesmosoom ......................................................................................................................... 56
3.3.3 De focale adhesie................................................................................................................................ 57
3.3.4 Samenvatting van de verschillende cel-cel en cel-matrix verbindingen............................................. 57
3.3.5 Aandoeningen van cel-matrix verbindingen ....................................................................................... 57
3.4 Oppervlakte specificaties van epitheel ....................................................................................................... 58
3.4.1 Soorten oppervlakte aanpassingen .................................................................................................... 58
3.4.2 Microvilli: oppervlakte vergroting ...................................................................................................... 58
3.4.3 Microvilli: structuur ............................................................................................................................ 58
3.4.4 Cilia ..................................................................................................................................................... 59
3.4.5 Basolaterale plooien ........................................................................................................................... 59
3.4.6 Membraan plaques............................................................................................................................. 60
3.5 Klierepitheel ................................................................................................................................................ 60
3.5.1 Eigenschappen van secreterende cellen ............................................................................................ 60
3.5.2 Types van secretie .............................................................................................................................. 61
3.5.3 Organisatie van klier-epitheel ............................................................................................................ 62
4. Steunweefsel en de extracellulaire matrix.................................................................................................. 63
4.1 Inleiding ...................................................................................................................................................... 63
4.1.1 Rol van steunweefsel in het lichaam .................................................................................................. 63
4.1.2 Algemene opbouw steunweefsel ....................................................................................................... 63
4.2 De extracellulaire matrix ............................................................................................................................ 64
4.2.1 Samenstelling extracellulaire matrix (ECM) ........................................................................................ 64
4.2.2 Glycosaminoglycanen ......................................................................................................................... 64
4.2.3 Types glycosaminoglycanen ............................................................................................................... 64
4.2.4 Functie van glycosaminoglycanen ...................................................................................................... 65
4.2.5 Proteoglycanen ................................................................................................................................... 65
4.2.6 Fibreuze eiwitten ................................................................................................................................ 66
4.2.7 Collageen ............................................................................................................................................ 66
4.2.8 Overzicht van de types collageen ....................................................................................................... 67
4.2.9 De aanmaak van fibrillair collageen .................................................................................................... 67
4.2.10 Elastine en fibrilline .......................................................................................................................... 68
4.2.11 Vezel-geassocieerde glycoproteinen ................................................................................................ 69
4.2.12 Fibronectine ...................................................................................................................................... 69
4.3 De basale membraan ................................................................................................................................. 70
4.3.1 Opbouw van de basale membraan ..................................................................................................... 70
4.3.2 Collageen type IV ................................................................................................................................ 70
4.3.3 Moleculaire structuur van de basale membraan................................................................................ 71
4.3.4 Functie van de basale membraan ....................................................................................................... 72
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