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Samenvatting Criminologische Psychologie
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CRIMINOLOGISCHE PSYCHOLOGIE1 GESCHIEDENIS VAN DE CRIMINOLOGISCHE PSYCHOLOGIE...................4
1.1 INLEIDING + GESCHIEDENIS, MYTHES EN CASUÏSTIEK....................................4
1.2 EXPERIMENTEEL ONDERZOEK.................................................................5
1.3 GESCHIEDENIS VAN DE CRIMINOLOGISCHE PSYCHOLOGIE................................6
2 ONDERZOEKSMETHODEN ID CRIMINOLOGISCHE PSYCHO....................7
2.1 VALSE BEKENTENISSEN........................................................................8
2.2 WAAROM IS ONDERZOEKSMETHODOLOGIE RELEVANT?..................................8
2.2.1 GESCHIEDENIS HIERACHTER................................................................................. 9
2.3 PROBLEMEN IN ONDERZOEK..................................................................9
2.4 SOORTEN ONDERZOEK.......................................................................10
2.5 ONDERZOEK DOEN............................................................................10
2.5.1 HYPOTHESEN................................................................................................... 10
2.5.2 DESIGN.......................................................................................................... 10
2.6 HET VERBETEREN VAN ONDERZOEK.......................................................13
3 GEHEUGEN IN DE CRIMINOLOGISCHE PSYCHOLOGIE.......................... 14
3.1 DE ROL VAN HET GEHEUGEN................................................................14
3.2 VALIDITEIT EN BETROUWBAARHEID........................................................14
3.3 DE WERKING VAN HET GEHEUGEN.........................................................16
3.3.1 GEHEUGENSTADIA............................................................................................ 16
3.3.2 CATEGORIEËN VAN GEHEUGEN............................................................................ 16
3.4 PRINCIPES VAN HET GEHEUGEN............................................................17
3.4.1 LEVELS OF PROCESSING..................................................................................... 17
3.4.2 CONTEXT-DEPENDENT LEARNING.........................................................................17
3.5 THEORIEËN OVER VERGETEN................................................................18
3.6 HET RECONSTRUCTIEVE KARAKTER VAN HET GEHEUGEN...............................19
3.6.1 OOGGETUIGENVERKLARINGEN............................................................................. 19
3.6.2 INVALIDITEIT EN ONBETROUWBAARHEID................................................................19
3.6.3 DE FUNCTIE VAN HET GEHEUGEN.........................................................................20
4 PSEUDOHERINNERINGEN................................................................. 21
1
,4.1 BETROUWBAARHEID VAN VERKLARINGEN.................................................21
4.2 PSEUDOHERINNERING........................................................................21
4.2.1 DRIE FACTOREN VAN PSEUDO-HERINNERINGEN.......................................................22
4.2.2 SPONTANE PSEUDOHERINNERINGEN.....................................................................22
4.2.3 ONTWIKKELING VAN PSEUDO-HERINNERINGEN........................................................23
4.2.4 PSEUDO-HERINNERINGEN ZIJN GEVAARLIJK.............................................................24
4.2.5 HERINNERINGEN IN THERAPIE.............................................................................. 25
4.2.6 PSEUDO-HERINNERINGEN EN PSYCHOPATHOLOGIE...................................................25
4.2.7 THERAPIE EN PSEUDO-HERINNERINGEN.................................................................26
4.3 NONBELIEVED MEMORIES....................................................................26
5 INTERVIEWEN VAN GEDACHTEN....................................................... 27
5.1 COUNTER-STRATEGIEËN VAN VERDACHTEN...............................................28
5.2 HOE MOET HET NIET.........................................................................28
5.2.1 ACCUSATORY-STYLE (REID-TECHNIEK)..................................................................28
5.2.2 MARTELING..................................................................................................... 29
5.3 HOE MOET HET DAN WEL?..................................................................29
5.3.1 INFORMATIE-GATHERING INTERVIEW PROTOCOLLEN.................................................31
6 VALSE BEKENTENISSEN................................................................... 32
6.1 LEUGENS DETECTEREN.......................................................................33
6.1.1 MIRANDA-RIGHTS............................................................................................. 33
6.2 VERKLARINGEN................................................................................34
6.2.1 TYPE VERKLARINGEN......................................................................................... 34
6.3 TYPEN VALSE BEKENTENISSEN..............................................................34
6.4 VALSE BEKENTENISSEN UITLOKKEN IH LAB...............................................35
6.5 PERSOONLIJKHEIDSTREKKEN EN VALSE BEKENTENISSEN...............................35
7 INTERVIEWEN VAN GETUIGEN: KINDEREN EN ADOLESCENTEN...........36
7.1 KINDEREN EN TRAUMA.......................................................................36
7.2 INTERVIEWEN VAN EEN KIND................................................................37
7.2.1 POPPENMETHODE............................................................................................. 37
7.2.2 HET GOEDE INTERVIEW...................................................................................... 38
2
,8 MALINGERING................................................................................ 40
8.1 FAKE SYMPTOMEN............................................................................41
8.1.1 WIE............................................................................................................... 41
8.1.2 WANNEER....................................................................................................... 41
8.1.3 WAAROM........................................................................................................ 41
8.1.4 HOE.............................................................................................................. 42
8.1.5 VOORBEELDEN................................................................................................. 42
8.2 MISDAADGERELATEERD GEHEUGENVERLIES: LAATSTE OPMERKINGEN................43
8.3 FAKE SYMPTOMEN GEVOLGEN..............................................................43
8.4 DETECTIE VAN FAKE SYMPTOMEN..........................................................43
8.5 SOLUTION: DIFFERENT DETECTION METHODS...........................................44
8.5.1 INTERVIEW...................................................................................................... 44
8.5.2 TASK PERFORMANCE......................................................................................... 45
8.5.3 SELF-REPORT.................................................................................................. 45
8.6 CONCLUSIE.....................................................................................46
9 CRIME-RELATED AMNNESIA............................................................. 46
9.1 ORGANISCHE AMNESIE.......................................................................46
9.2 DISSOCIATIEVE AMNESIE (OF PSYCHOGEEN).............................................47
9.3 GESIMULEERDE GEHEUGENVERLIES........................................................49
10 LIEGEN EN HERINNEREN IN DE CRIMINOLOGISCHE PSYCHOLOGIE. . . .51
10.1 EEN KORTE TERUGBLIK.....................................................................51
10.1.1 PSEUDO-HERINNERINGEN................................................................................. 51
10.2 LIEGEN EN HET GEHEUGEN...............................................................51
10.2.1 LIEGEN, GEHEUGEN, EN DE RECHTSZAAL.............................................................51
10.2.2 TYPE LEUGENS............................................................................................... 52
10.3 DE EFFECTEN VAN LIEGEN OP HET GEHEUGEN.........................................52
11 PSYCHOPATHIE............................................................................ 56
12 RISICOTAXATIE............................................................................. 59
12.1 WAT IS RISICOTAXATIE?...................................................................59
3
, 12.2 WAAROM DOET MEN AAN RISICOTAXATIE?.............................................60
12.3 WAAR EN DOOR WIE?......................................................................60
12.4 HOE?..........................................................................................60
12.5 KANTTEKENINGEN...........................................................................63
13 LEUGENDETECTIE.......................................................................... 65
13.1 INLEIDING....................................................................................65
13.2 LEUGENDETECTIE METHODEN.............................................................65
13.2.1 NON-VERBALE LEUGENDETECTIE........................................................................66
13.2.2 PSYCHO-FYSIOLOGISCHE LEUGENDETECTIE...........................................................67
13.2.3 VERBALE LEUGENDETECTIE............................................................................... 69
13.3 ZONDER HULPMIDDELEN?.................................................................73
14 GETUIGE-DESKUNDIGE WERK EN BIASES........................................ 75
15 BIASES ID CRIMINOLOGISCHE PSYCHOLOGIE.................................. 76
15.1 DEFINITIE.....................................................................................76
15.2 BEÏNVLOEDING VAN BIASES...............................................................77
15.3 SOORTEN BIASES...........................................................................79
15.3.1 CONFIRMATION BIAS....................................................................................... 79
15.3.2 ALLEGIANCE BIAS........................................................................................... 79
15.4 MOGELIJKE OPLOSSINGEN VOOR BIASES................................................79
15.4.1 BLIND TESTEN............................................................................................... 79
15.4.2 EVIDENCE-BASED METHODEN IN DE RECHTBANK...................................................80
15.4.3 ALTERNATIEVE SCENARIO’S.............................................................................. 82
16 SEKSUELE DELINQUENTEN............................................................. 82
1 Geschiedenis van de criminologische psychologie
1.1 Inleiding + geschiedenis, mythes en casuïstiek
4
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