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Samenvatting Technologie en Recht aan KUL (deel 1)
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SAMENVATTING TECHNOLOGIEEN RECHT
Inhoud
Inleiding.....................................................................................................................................................................8
Module 1 - Computer- en internettechnologieën.....................................................................................................8
Module 1A - Computersystemen en software......................................................................................................8
§1. Digitale revolutie.........................................................................................................................................8
A. Evolutie van computers............................................................................................................................8
B. Wet van Moore.........................................................................................................................................9
C. Exponentiële versus lineaire groei............................................................................................................9
1. Begrippen..............................................................................................................................................9
2. Gevolgen................................................................................................................................................9
D. Technologische modellen: Von Neumann architectuur, neuromorfe computers, quantum computers
.....................................................................................................................................................................10
1. Von Neumann Architectuur................................................................................................................10
2. Neuromorfe computers......................................................................................................................11
3. Quantum Computers...........................................................................................................................11
§2. Wat is een algoritme?...............................................................................................................................12
A. Kenmerken en eigenschappen van algoritmen......................................................................................12
1. Definitie...............................................................................................................................................12
2. Vereiste kenmerken............................................................................................................................13
3. Classificatie van algoritmes.................................................................................................................13
B. Case study: “Raad het getal”-spel...........................................................................................................13
Algoritme A..............................................................................................................................................14
Algoritme B..............................................................................................................................................14
Algoritme C..............................................................................................................................................15
Algoritme D.............................................................................................................................................17
C. Reële toepassingen van Slimme algoritmes...........................................................................................18
D. Huidige betekenis van “algoritme”.........................................................................................................18
E. Verantwoordelijkheid?............................................................................................................................19
§3. Hoe komt software tot stand?..................................................................................................................19
A. Softwareontwikkeling.............................................................................................................................19
B. Types software........................................................................................................................................20
C. Bugs.........................................................................................................................................................20
1
, 1. Begrip..................................................................................................................................................20
2. Soorten bugs........................................................................................................................................21
D. Open Source............................................................................................................................................21
Module 1B - Internet en cloud............................................................................................................................22
§1. Nut van computernetwerken....................................................................................................................22
§2. Een beknopte geschiedenis van communicatie- en computernetwerken en de evolutie van het internet
.........................................................................................................................................................................24
A. Het pre-internettijdperk..........................................................................................................................24
1836.........................................................................................................................................................24
1858-1866...............................................................................................................................................24
1876.........................................................................................................................................................24
1895.........................................................................................................................................................24
1943/1946...............................................................................................................................................24
1957.........................................................................................................................................................24
1958.........................................................................................................................................................24
Jaren ’60..................................................................................................................................................24
1969.........................................................................................................................................................24
II. Het internettijdperk.................................................................................................................................25
Begin jaren ’70.........................................................................................................................................25
1974.........................................................................................................................................................25
Tussen 1974 en 1984...............................................................................................................................25
1984.........................................................................................................................................................25
Doorheen de jaren ’80............................................................................................................................25
Doorheen de jaren ‘90............................................................................................................................25
1989.........................................................................................................................................................25
1993.........................................................................................................................................................26
1996.........................................................................................................................................................26
1997.........................................................................................................................................................26
1998.........................................................................................................................................................26
Doorheen de jaren ’00............................................................................................................................26
2004.........................................................................................................................................................26
III. Het cloudtijdperk....................................................................................................................................26
2005.........................................................................................................................................................26
Vanaf 2009..............................................................................................................................................26
Op dit moment........................................................................................................................................27
§3. Fasen in de evolutie van het web..............................................................................................................27
§4. Het internetbestuur..................................................................................................................................28
2
, §5. Enkele technische aspecten van computernetwerken.............................................................................28
§6. Enkele kanttekeningen bij het internet.....................................................................................................30
§7. Cookies......................................................................................................................................................30
§8. Waar gaat het verder naar toe?................................................................................................................31
Module 1B – Cloudcomputing.............................................................................................................................31
§1. Inleiding.....................................................................................................................................................31
§2. Wat is de "cloud"?.....................................................................................................................................32
§3. Vormen van cloudcomputing....................................................................................................................32
§4. Types van cloud.........................................................................................................................................33
§5. Bedenkingen bij cloudcomputing..............................................................................................................34
Module 1B – Het internet der dingen.................................................................................................................34
§1. Het internet der dingen (IoT): definitie en kenmerken.............................................................................35
a. ‘Internet’..................................................................................................................................................35
B. ‘Things’....................................................................................................................................................36
§2. De architectuur van het internet der dingen............................................................................................36
A. Vierlagig systeem....................................................................................................................................36
B.Pluriformiteit van IOT-architectuur.........................................................................................................36
Model A: Object-naar-gateway-communicatie.......................................................................................36
Model B: Object-naar-object-communicatie..........................................................................................37
Model C: Object-naar-cloud-communicatie............................................................................................37
§3. Toepassingen van het internet der dingen...............................................................................................37
D. Andere toepassingen..............................................................................................................................38
§4. Uitdagingen voor het internet der dingen................................................................................................38
A. Technologische uitdagingen...................................................................................................................38
B. Juridische vraagstellingen.......................................................................................................................39
Module 2 – Autonome en Intelligente Systemen...................................................................................................40
Module 2A – Big data, machine learning en artificiële intelligentie...................................................................40
§1. Concepten en definities............................................................................................................................40
1 Inleiding....................................................................................................................................................40
2 Big Data....................................................................................................................................................40
2.1 Big Data: definitie en kenmerken......................................................................................................40
2.2 De werking van het Big Data-proces.................................................................................................42
2.3 Toepassingen.....................................................................................................................................46
3 Internet of Things.....................................................................................................................................47
4 Artificiële Intelligentie..............................................................................................................................47
4.1 AI: Definitie, kenmerken en deelgebieden........................................................................................48
4.2 Toepassingen.....................................................................................................................................51
3
, 5 Gemeenschappelijke deler: slimme algoritmes.......................................................................................51
5.1 ‘Domme’ en ‘slimme’ algoritmes......................................................................................................51
5.2 Algoritmes als ondoorzichtige, niet-neutrale menselijke constructen.............................................52
5.3 Algoritmische alomtegenwoordigheid..............................................................................................52
§2. Maatschappelijke uitdagingen..................................................................................................................53
1. Privacyrechten.........................................................................................................................................53
2. Gelijkheidsrechten...................................................................................................................................53
3. Vrijheidsrechten......................................................................................................................................53
4. Procedurele rechten................................................................................................................................54
§3. Recente beleidsontwikkelingen................................................................................................................54
1. Inleiding...................................................................................................................................................54
2. Ethische richtsnoeren..............................................................................................................................54
2.1 Vooraf................................................................................................................................................54
2.2 EU ethische richtsnoeren voor betrouwbare AI...............................................................................55
2.3 Microsoft...........................................................................................................................................55
2.4 IEEE Ethically Aligned Design.............................................................................................................56
3. Technische standaarden..........................................................................................................................57
3.1 Vooraf................................................................................................................................................57
Module 2B – Slimme algoritmes in tekst- en beeldanalyse................................................................................58
§1. Neurale netwerken....................................................................................................................................59
2 Wat zijn (diepe) neurale netwerken........................................................................................................59
3 Waarom gebruiken we neurale netwerken.............................................................................................59
4 Hoe leren neurale netwerken..................................................................................................................60
4.1 Gesuperviseerd leren........................................................................................................................60
4.2 Ongesuperviseerd leren....................................................................................................................62
4.3 Bekrachtigingsleren...........................................................................................................................63
5 Types neurale netwerken.........................................................................................................................63
5.1 Feed-forward neurale netwerken.....................................................................................................63
5.2 Recurrente neurale netwerken.........................................................................................................63
5.3 Convolutionele neurale netwerken...................................................................................................64
6 Uitsmijter: geschiedenis en toekomst van neurale netwerken...............................................................64
§2. Beeldanalyse..............................................................................................................................................64
1 Inleiding....................................................................................................................................................64
2 Beeldinterpretatie....................................................................................................................................65
2.1 Algemeen: sterke vooruitgang dankzij CNN's...................................................................................65
2.2 Specifiek: hoe werkt gezichtsherkenning?........................................................................................66
3 Beeldgeneratie.........................................................................................................................................67
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