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Summary intro to european politics and external relations
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Table of ContentsReadings Session 1: The EU as a sub-system in IR/ integration, politics, theory and history2
Lecture 1........................................................................................................................................................ 13
Readings 2: Neofunctionalism and Intergovernmentalism...........................................................15
Lecture 2 : Neofunctionalism and (liberal) Intergovernmentalism............................................22
Readings 3..................................................................................................................................................... 34
Lecture 3: The EU as a political system? Institutionalist and Governance approaches........50
Readings 4:.................................................................................................................................................... 60
Manners: Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms...................................................66
Discourses of globalization and the social construction of European identities - Ben
Rosamond...................................................................................................................................................... 71
Lecture 4: A European Identity? constructivist approaches and europeanization................75
Readings 5..................................................................................................................................................... 91
Lecture 5: The European Parliament and the European Commission.....................................100
Readings 6.................................................................................................................................................. 109
Lecture 6: The European Council and the Council of the European Union (or the Council)
........................................................................................................................................................................ 115
adrReadings 7 :.......................................................................................................................................... 124
Economides: Pre‐Accession Europeanization’: The Case of Serbia and Kosovo reading ...133
Lecture 7: Enlargement.......................................................................................................................... 137
Readings 8:................................................................................................................................................. 145
Lecture 8 : From a ring of friends to a ring of fire: Euro Neighborhood..................................154
Readings 9:................................................................................................................................................. 167
Lecture 9 on Energy................................................................................................................................. 172
Lecture 10: Resisting Europe Lecture................................................................................................ 180
,Readings Session 1: The EU as a sub-system in IR/ integration, politics, theory and
history
Wiener and Diez: Introducing the Mosaic of Integration Theory
As Euro integration process progresses, analyses turn towards a problematizing
approach (reflecting concerns with integration process and development in I
theory, while others treat EU as a political system facing problems of governance,
no diff to intl politics). IR still is relevant in analysis of EU integration.
→ purpose of book is to criticize and reformulate existing approaches, bringing
them together in novel ways
What is Integration Theory?
- Integration: process in which political actors from distinct national settings
shift their loyalties (social process), expectations, political activities towards
a new center, whose institutions possess or demand jurisdiction over the pre-
existing national states (political process) - Haas (don’t forget social element
of integration). Book will eventually focus on political aspect to not make it
too broad
- Theory: causal argument of universal, transhistorical validity and nomothetic
quality which is tested through falsification of hypotheses.
+ Diff understandings of theory leads to diff theoretical approaches to
EU integration
→ integration theory: field of theorizing the process and outcome of (EU)
integration, while book uses theoretical approaches when referring to individual
ways of dealing with integration (some of which may be classified as theories). But
all have in common that they want to make contribution to the reflection of EU
integration and governance
Why study integration theory?
1) Theories help us explain processes and outcomes of integration (so, better
understanding of current institutions and help formulate expectations about
future developments)
, 2) Bcs we are concerned with analyzing democratic reform and legitimacy.
For this we need knowledge on EU institutions, but also understanding of
normative issues like what should legitimacy be based on? What form of
democracy is best for polity beyond nation-state?
3) Pure empirical knowledge of institutions is not meaningful (impossible since
representation of facts is often based on concerns and assumptions).
Integration theory helps highlight and problematize these concerns. Helps
account for political disputes beneath the “facts”
Assessments of an institutions meaning depends on type of theoretical
approach chosen (e.g.institutionalist approach will focus on role of
institutions in “inventing citizenship)
Occasions of EU integration that is debated (bcs of approach from diff theoretical
perspectives) also discusses in next chapters
E.g.:
The role of state interests in founding years: realists → integration bcs of interests
of big states (FR want to control DE, DE want to return to intl sphere).
Neofunctionalists → role of private and sector interests. Political Economy
approaches → spotlight on integration within context of capitalist hegemony
Integration Theory: A broad overview
Three phases in integration theory (major tendencies, but of course overlap)
1) Explaining integration (from treaty of Rome, 1960s-80s): How can
integration outcomes be explained? Why does Euro integration take place?
(theoretical reference: liberalism, realism, neoliberalism)
→ challenge predominance of realism in IR (After WW2).
Instead neo functionalists: away from anarchic system to supranational institution
building, by focusing on market and societal patterns and how they pushed elites
towards advocating for supranational inst within their policy areas.
+ Functional spillover: policy initiatives in low politics that spilled over
ot other policy areas
+ Political spillover: spillovers not automatic, so actors (elites) that
shifted loyalties also demanded further integration
, + Cultivated spillover: governing actors on intl level (EC) considered to
push/cultivate integration bcs they had an interest in it
Pay tribute to necessity of central pol inst. Social scientific interest in creating
general theory of regional integration applicable beyond euro
These contrasted integovernmentalists (realist-influenced) who saw supranational
institutions making as a result of bargains of states with geopolitical interests.
Capacity for govt’s decisions enhanced by supranational inst, not constrained by
them.
Liberal intergovernmentalism: Emerging combination of realism and liberalism
with Moravcsik: state-centrism on intl level, with iberal focus on state preference
formation rather thane referring to given geopolitical interests and supranational
inst become central in intl politics (though dependent on support form member
states)
Neo-institutionalists: new generation sees that inst are not mere tools of states but
they themselves have impact on integration process and development of Euro
governance. Inst can cause unintended consequences. (governance
2) Analyzing governance (1980s onwards): what kind of political system is the
EU? How can political processes within the EU be described? How does EU
regulatory policy work? A key process analyzed was europeanization of
governance rules, inst, practices across EU. (theoretical reference points:
governance, comparative politics, policy analysis)
- “Explore the nature of the beast”. Eu as a multilevel or network
governance or as multiperspectival polity?
3) Constructing the EU (1990s onwards): How and with which social and
political consequences does integration develop? How are integration and
governance conceptualized? How should they be? (theory: social
constructivism, post-structuralism, IPE, gender approaches)
- Question methodological and epistemological assumptions (e.g.
constructivists demonstrated relevance of ideas, nors, inst and
identities. Post-structuralists problematized core concepts of IR and
drew attention to discursive construction of our understanding of intl
politics)
→ about constructing euro integration
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