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Summary AQA PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 3
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CHETAN SINGH AQA PSYCHOLOGY NOTESA LEVEL
PAPER 1: Introductory Topics in Psychology
Social Influence
Memory
Attachment
Psychopathology
2 hours
96 marks
PAPER 2: Psychology in Context
Approaches
Biopsychology
Research Methods
1h30
96 marks
PAPER 3: Issues and Options in Psychology
1h30
96 marks
1
,Psychology Exam Technique
Three Papers:
o Paper 1:
o Paper 2:
o Paper 3:
Command Words:
o Explain: Provide evidence or examples- AO1 – 2-6 marks
o Evaluate: AO3
o Suggest: AO1, AO2, AO3
o Discuss: AO1, AO3
Mark Allocation:
o 16 Marker Discuss with an AO2 STEM
AO1: 6 (As normal)
AO2: 4 – ONLY MENTION IN AO1
AO3: 6 (4 PEELs)
o 8 Marker Discuss
AO1: 3
AO3: 5 (4 PEELs)
o 8 Marker Discuss with an AO2 STEM
AO1: 3 (As normal)
AO2: 2 – ONLY MENTION IN AO1
AO3: 3 (2 PEELs)
CC Structure Example:
o C1: Physical attractiveness argues…
o C2: This is evident in the stem..’quote’
Essay Structure for Research:
Outline- APPRC Evaluate- GRAVE
A- Aim of Study G- Generalizability- whether the study's sample is truly representative of
P- Participants Used the target population
P- Procedure of Study R- Reliability- whether the procedures are consistent enough to be
R- Results replicated and get the same results again
C- Conclusions A- Applications- whether the study is useful in the real world
V- Validity- whether to the study really tells you about what it is supposed
to tell you about
E- Ethics- whether the study ensures the wellbeing of its participants and
the wider community
Ethical Guidelines: Can Do Cant Do With Participants
o Consent - Informed
o Debrief
o Confidentially
o Deception
o Withdrawal
o Protection of Participants
Keywords:
o Reliable/Precise: All values close together
o Accurate/Valid: Close to true value- a test is valid if it measures what it claims to measure
Internal- whether the effects observed in study are due to the manipulation of IV and
not some other factor.
External- External validity refers to the extent to which the results of a study can be
generalized to
Other settings (ecological validity)
2
, Other people (population validity)
Over time (historical validity).
Issues and Debates
Reductionism
Reductionism is the principle of analysing complex things by exploring smaller constituent elements.
This is because human behaviour appears to be so complex, involving so many variables
Levels of explanation model: The reductionist approach in Psychology suggests that explanations
begin at the highest level and progressively look at component elements:
o Highest level: cultural and social explanations of how our social groups affect our behaviour.
o Middle level: Psychological explanations of behaviour.
o Lower level: biological explanations of how hormones and genes etc. affect our behaviour.
Types of Reductionism:
o Biological Reductionism: Reducing complex behaviours down to biological components:
genetics, brain dysfunction, and hormones.
E.G: Schizophrenia may be caused by excess levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine.
o Behaviorism (Environmental stimulus-response) Reductionism: Reduced down the
idea that all behaviour is learnt. This may be through a process of association, reinforcement
and punishment, or observing and imitating role models.
o E.G: Bandura: aggressive behaviour is learnt by observing and imitating role models.
Point Evidence Explanation Link
STRENGTH:
Which helps to
It is easier to study one This is strength as it allows us
For example: SSRIs support the
component at a time as they to isolate and manipulate
used to cure OCD via idea of
imply straightforward or factors to establish cause and
the biological approach psychology as
simplistic answers to human effect.
a science.
behavior
Explanations that
WEAKNESS: operate at gene or Weakness as it can lead to
As it isolated factors, it doesn’t neuron level do not unethical treatment of
Unethical
give a proper valid and full include analysis of cognitive conditions such as
account of behaviour social content E.G depression. Pills > counselling
Depression
Provides high
STRENGTH: Behaviourist approach internal validity
Forms basis of scientific
Allows us to study behaviour in demonstrated complex due to
research. To create
a scientific way by allowing the learning could be controlled
operationalized variables we
research to be reliable by broken down to variables and
need to break down target
isolating and controlling stimulus-response link allows us to
behaviour into parts.
variables. within a lab. manipulate
data.
E.g effects of Experiment could not be
WEAKNESS: Can’t study conformity to social understood by studying the
Thus can only
aspects of social behaviour that roles of prisoners and participants as individuals, it
be used in
only emerge in group context. guards in Stanford was interactions between the
Prison Experiments people that was important.
3
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