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Neurocognitive Developmental Disorders
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NURS 302 Nursing Concepts in Mental Health IINeurocognitive Developmental Disorders
Learning Guide and Lecture Notes (Answer the questions to
complete the outline)
I. Introduction
a. It is often difficult to determine if a child’s behavior is indicative of emotional problems.
b. In making the determination, consideration should be given to appropriateness of the
behavior in terms of age and cultural norms, and whether the behavior interferes with
adaptive functioning.
II. Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder)
a. Define intellectual disability: Disorder with onset during the developmental period that
includes both intellectual and adaptive functioning deficits in conceptual, social, and
practical domains
b. Predisposing Factors
i. What are the Genetic risk factors associated with intellectual disability?
1. Inborn errors of metabolism (Tay-Sachs); Chromosomal disorders (Downs,
Klinefelter’s); Single-gene abnormalities (Syndrome X, tuberous sclerosis)
ii. Disruptions in Embryonic Development
1. These disruptions account for 30 percent of intellectual disability cases.
2. Damages may occur in response to:
a. Toxicity associated with maternal ingestion of alcohol or other
drugs
b. Maternal illnesses and infections during pregnancy
c. Complications of pregnancy such as toxemia and uncontrolled
diabetes
iii. What are the pregnancy and perinatal risk factors associated with intellectual
disability?
1. Fetal malnutrition; viral and other infections; prematurity; trauma to head
during birth; placenta previa; prolapse of umbilical cord
, NURS 302 Nursing Concepts in Mental Health II
iv. What are the General Medical Conditions Acquired in Infancy or Childhood
associated with intellectual disability?
1. Infections (Meningitis and encephalitis); poisonings (insecticides,
medication, lead); physical trauma (head injury, asphyxiation, hyperpyrexia)
v. Sociocultural Factors and Other Mental Disorders
1. These account for between 15 and 20 percent of cases of intellectual
disability. They may be attributed to:
a. Deprivation of nurturance and social stimulation
b. Impoverished environments associated with poor prenatal and
perinatal care and inadequate nutrition
c. Severe mental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder
c. Application of the Nursing Process to intellectual disability
i. Degree of severity of intellectual disability may be measured by level of IQ.
ii. What are the four levels of intellectual disability and describe them
iii. Nurses must assess strengths as well as limitations in order to encourage the client
to be as independent as possible.
iv. It is important to include family members in the planning and implementation of
care.
v. Family members should receive information regarding the scope of the condition,
realistic expectations and client potentials, methods for modifying behavior as
required, and community resources from which they may seek assistance and
support.
vi. Evaluation of care given to the client with intellectual disability should reflect
positive behavioral change.
III. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
a. Define and describe ASD heterogenous group of neurodevelopmental syndromes – wide
range of communication impairments and restricted, repetitive, behaviors
b. What is the prevalence of ASD?
i. 1 in 59 children in the US
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