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Samenvatting Differentiële Psychologie
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2021-2022
Differentiële
psychologie
SAMENVATTING
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Punten...................................................................................................................................................................7
Examen..................................................................................................................................................................7
Inleiding persoonlijkheidspsychologie (p. 11-15 handboek kennen wat ze hiervan geeft) .....................................8
Klassieke theorieën...............................................................................................................................................8
Hedendaags onderzoek naar de persoonlijkheid.................................................................................................8
Kennis domein......................................................................................................................................................8
Zes kennis domeinen (de vetgedrukte gaan we overlopen)................................................................................9
Dispositionele domein..........................................................................................................................................9
Biologische domein...............................................................................................................................................9
Intrapsychische domein........................................................................................................................................9
Cognitieve en ervaringsdomein............................................................................................................................9
Sociale en culturele domein...............................................................................................................................10
Domein van aanpassing......................................................................................................................................10
1. persoonlijkheidstrekken over de tijd: stabiliteit vs. verandering.......................................................................11
1.1. conceptuele problemen..............................................................................................................................11
1.1.1. wat is persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling?..................................................................................................11
1.1.2. rangorde stabiliteit en gemiddelde niveau stabiliteit.........................................................................11
1.1.3. persoonlijkheidsverandering................................................................................................................12
1.2. niveaus van analyse.....................................................................................................................................13
1.3. persoonlijkheidsstabiliteit over de tijd.......................................................................................................13
1.3.1. stabiliteit van persoonlijkheidstrekken over de tijd.............................................................................13
1.3.2. stabiliteit gedurende de eerste levensjaren (baby en peutertijd ‘infacy’)...........................................13
1.3.3. Stabiliteit van persoonlijkheidstrekken over de tijd............................................................................14
1.3.4. stabiliteit doorheen de kinderjaren.....................................................................................................14
1.3.5. Stabiliteit doorheen de kinderjaren....................................................................................................15
1.3.6. Longitudinale studies............................................................................................................................15
1.3.7. stabiliteit doorheen de volwassenheid................................................................................................16
1.4. Enkele aspecten van persoonlijkheidsverandering.....................................................................................20
1.4.1. Zelfwaarde............................................................................................................................................20
1.4.2. Sensation seeking/ sensatiebelustheid................................................................................................22
1.4.3. Onafhankelijkheid en traditionele rollen.............................................................................................23
1.5. Cohorte effecten..........................................................................................................................................25
1.5.1. Narcisme...............................................................................................................................................25
1.5.2. Persoonlijkheidsveranderingen over cohorten....................................................................................25
1
, 1.5.3. Assertiviteit van vrouwen.....................................................................................................................25
1.6. Persoonlijkheidsveranderingen voorspellen...............................................................................................26
1.6.1. Huwelijkstevredenheid.........................................................................................................................26
1.7. Tussen stabiliteit en verandering: persoonlijkheidsfluctuatie....................................................................26
2. genen en persoonlijkheid....................................................................................................................................28
2.1. Intro..............................................................................................................................................................28
2.2. Inleiding........................................................................................................................................................28
2.3. het menselijk genoom: Zie HB voor achtergrondinfo..................................................................................28
2.4. controverse rond persoonlijkheid en genen...............................................................................................30
2.5. doelen van gedragsgenetica.......................................................................................................................32
2.6. wat is erfelijkheid.........................................................................................................................................32
2.6.1. misvatting over erfelijkheid.................................................................................................................33
2.6.2. nature-nurture debat...........................................................................................................................33
2.7. methodes in de gedragsgenetica.................................................................................................................34
2.7.1. Kwantitatieve methoden in gedragsgenetica......................................................................................34
2.7.2. selectief kweken..................................................................................................................................34
2.7.3. familiestudies.......................................................................................................................................34
2.7.4. tweelingstudies....................................................................................................................................35
2.7.5. adoptiestudies.....................................................................................................................................36
2.8. bevindingen van gedragsgenetisch onderzoek............................................................................................38
2.8.1. persoonlijkheidstrekken......................................................................................................................38
2.8.2. Als… dan… profielen.............................................................................................................................39
2.8.3. attitudes en voorkeuren......................................................................................................................39
2.8.4. drinken en roken..................................................................................................................................39
2.8.5. Huwelijk................................................................................................................................................40
2.9. Omgevingsinvloeden...................................................................................................................................40
2.10. Genen en de omgeving: 2 belangrijke aandachtspunten..........................................................................41
2.10.1. Genotype-omgevingsinteractie.........................................................................................................42
Genotype-omgevingscorrelatie......................................................................................................................43
2.10.2. Invloed van omgeving op genexpressie.............................................................................................44
2.11. moleculaire genetica.................................................................................................................................45
2.12. Gedragsgenetica, wetenschap, politiek en waarden.................................................................................46
4. fysiologische benadering van persoonlijkheid....................................................................................................48
4.1 inleiding.........................................................................................................................................................48
4.2 een fysiologische benadering tot persoonlijkheid........................................................................................48
4.3 Fysiologische systemen.................................................................................................................................49
2
, 4.3. fysiologische maten in persoonlijkheidsonderzoek.....................................................................................50
4.2.1 Elektrodermale activiteit = Huidgeleiding.............................................................................................50
4.2.2 cardiovasculaire activiteit......................................................................................................................51
4.2.3 hersenactiviteit......................................................................................................................................52
4.4. Persoonlijkheid en specifieke hersenstructuren.........................................................................................53
4.4.1. Persoonlijkheid en verwerken van Humor...........................................................................................54
4.4.2. andere metingen..................................................................................................................................54
4.5. persoonlijkheidsdimensies met een fysiologisch substraat........................................................................55
4.5.1 extraversie – introversie........................................................................................................................55
4.5.2 gevoeligheid voor beloning en straf......................................................................................................58
4.5.3 sensatiezucht.........................................................................................................................................60
4.5.4 neurotransmitters en persoonlijkheid...................................................................................................60
4.5.5 ochtend en avondtypes.........................................................................................................................61
4.5.6 hersenasymmetrie en affectieve stijl....................................................................................................62
Samenvatting......................................................................................................................................................64
5. Evolutionaire benadering van persoonlijkheid...................................................................................................65
Biologische domein.............................................................................................................................................65
5.1 Evolutie en natuurlijke selectie.....................................................................................................................65
Basisgegeven:.................................................................................................................................................65
Geslachtsverschillen (groepsvrerschillen)..........................................................................................................76
Individuele verschillen........................................................................................................................................79
The big five en evolutionair relevante adaptieve problemen............................................................................82
Beperkingen van evolutionaire psychologie.......................................................................................................83
Samenvatting......................................................................................................................................................84
6. Intelligentie..........................................................................................................................................................85
Inleiding...............................................................................................................................................................85
Waarom is intelligentie belangrijk?....................................................................................................................85
Wat is intelligent zijn? (je kan dit niet direct observeren).................................................................................86
Definitie van intelligentie....................................................................................................................................87
Impliciete intelligentietheorieën....................................................................................................................87
Benaderingen en geschiedenis van intelligentie................................................................................................88
Psychometrische benaderingen.........................................................................................................................88
Algemene intelligentietheorie............................................................................................................................90
Multifactor theorieën.........................................................................................................................................91
Hiërarchische theorieën......................................................................................................................................92
Vernon’s hiërarchische theorie......................................................................................................................92
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