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NotesTopics to be learn :
Gravitation, Circular motion and centripetal force, Kepler’s laws, Newton’s universal law of gravitation,
Acceleration due to the gravitational force of the Earth, Free fall, Escape velocity.
Types of forces :
Gravitational force: There exists a force of attraction between any two particles of
matter in the universe such that the force depends only on the masses of the particles
and the separation between them. It is called the gravitational force and the mutual
attraction is called gravitation.
The gravitational force between the earth and the moon. The gravitational force is a
universal force, i.e., it acts between any two objects in the universe.
Electromagnetic force: The force between two charged particles in motion.
Nuclear force: The force between a proton and a neutron in the nucleus of an atom.
Centripetal force : In uniform circular motion of a body, the force acting on the body is
directed towards the centre of the circle. This force is called centripetal force.
Thus, a force acts on any object moving along a circle and it is directed towards the
centre of the circle. This is called the centripetal force. ‘Centripetal’ means centre
seeking, i.e., the object tries to go towards the centre of the circle because of this force.
Example : The moon revolves around the earth due to the gravitational force exerted
on it by the earth. This force is directed towards the centre of the earth and is thus a
centripetal force.
Effects of a force acting on an object:
(1) Newton’s first law of motion: An object continues to remain at rest or in a state
of uniform motion along a straight line unless an external unbalanced force acts
on it.
, (2) Newton’s second law of motion : The rate of change of momentum is
proportional to the applied force and the change of momentum occurs in the
direction of the force.
(3) Newton’s third law of motion: Every action force has an equal and opposite
reaction force which acts simultaneously. [ Equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
]
Keplers laws of planetary motion:
Newton's universal law of gravitation : Every object in the Universe attracts every
other object with a definite force. This force is directly proportional to the product of the
masses of the two objects and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between them.
As the law of gravitation given by Newton is applicable throughout the universe and to
all particles. Hence it is called universal law.
Mathematical form of Newtons universal law of gravitation:
Mathematical form of Newton's universal law of gravitation: Consider two objects of
masses m1 and m2. We assume that the objects are very small spheres of uniform
density and the distance r between their centres is very large compared to the radii of
the spheres (Fig.).
The magnitude (F) of the gravitational force of attraction between the objects is directly
proportional to m1m2 and inversely proportional to r 2
Where G is the constant of proportionality, called the universal gravitational constant.
The above law means that if the mass of one object is doubled, the force between the
two objects also doubles. Also, if the distance is doubled, the force decreases by ¼ .
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