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Summary NR 507 / NR507 Advanced Pharmacology Final Exam Concept Guide| Latest 2022| Chamberlain College $9.49
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Summary NR 507 / NR507 Advanced Pharmacology Final Exam Concept Guide| Latest 2022| Chamberlain College
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NR 507 / NR507 Advanced Pharmacology Final Exam Concept Guide A. Endocrine 1. Hypothyroidism - hypothyroidism is the most common disorder of thyroid function - affects between 0.1% and 2% of the U.S. population - is more common in women and the elderly. 2. Thyroid-stimulating hormo...

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  • May 31, 2022
  • 11
  • 2021/2022
  • Summary

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  • nr507 midterm exam
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  • NR 507 / NR507 (NR507)
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NR 507 / NR507 Advanced Pharmacology Final Exam
Concept Guide


A. Endocrine
1. Hypothyroidism

- hypothyroidism is the most common disorder of thyroid function
- affects between 0.1% and 2% of the U.S. population
- is more common in women and the elderly.


2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone

- TSH is released by the anterior pituitary
- Review the hypothalamic-pituitary axis
- Thyroid-releasing hormone (hypothalamus)
- See Week 6 Check-in recording for a review of the pathophysiology of thyroid
dysfunction


3. Hyperthyroidism-Grave’s disease

- Two categories of ophthalmopathy associated with Graves disease are:
- (1) functional abnormalities resulting from hyperactivity of the sympathetic
division of the autonomic nervous system (lag of the globe on upward gaze or a
lag of the upper lid on downward gaze)
- (2) infiltrative changes involving the orbital contents with enlargement of the
ocular muscles. These changes affect more than half of individuals with Graves
disease. Increased secretion of hyaluronic acid, adipogenesis, inflammation, and
edema of the orbital contents result in exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeball),
periorbital edema, and extraocular muscle weakness leading to strabismus and
diplopia (double vision).
- The two most distinguishing factors of Grave's disease is pretibial mxyedema
and exophthalmos


4. Hyperthyroidism

, - Treatment is directed at controlling excessive TH production, secretion, or action
and includes antithyroid drug therapy (methimazole or propylthiouracil),
radioactive iodine therapy (absorbed only by thyroid tissue, causing death of
cells), and surgery.
- The goal of radioactive iodine ablation for the treatment of Grave's disease is to
destroy overactive thyroid tissue
- Hormone replacement therapy with the hormone levothyroxine is the treatment
of choice for hypothyroidism.


5. Type 1 Diabetes

- Environmental factors associated with Type 1 diabetes:
o viral infections, particularly enteroviruses, coxsackievirus, other
infectious microorganisms
o Helicobacter pylori
o exposure to cow's milk proteins;
o lack of vitamin D


6. Diagnostic Criteria for Diabetes

- The diagnostic criteria for Diabetes Mellitus according to the American Diabetes
Association is: Hemoglobin A1C greater than or equal to 6.5%


7. Actions of Insulin

- insulin promotes glucose uptake mostly in the liver, muscle and adipose tissue


8. Autonomic Neuropathy-complication of diabetes

- Autonomic neuropathy includes:
- gastrointestinal symptoms:
o decreased esophageal motility,
o gastroparesis
o delayed gastric emptying

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