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Summary and lecture notes of the course Cross-cultural management and communication. All lectures are include.
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Summary Cross-Cultural ManagementLecture 1 (11-04-22)
Introduction
Culture is well known, but rather hard to define. Many definitions across various
fields, sociology, anthropology etc.
Hofstede: ‘collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one
human group from another.’
Trompenaars: ‘the way in which a group of people solves problems and reconciles
dilemmas.’
GLOBE-project shared motives, values, beliefs, identities, and interpretations or
meanings of significant events that result from common experiences of members of
collectives that are transmitted across generations.
Hall: ‘studies of culture as identifying norms.’
The relationship between culture and economy:
- Cultural behaviour is responsible for economic development
- Economic development is responsible for developing cultural values and
behavioural
Weber’s thesis:
Weber claims that a strong work ethic is a main determinant of economic
growth in North-West Europe and North America, relating it to a mindset that
could be historically traced to a specific, religious ethics.
Other reasons for economic prosperity in Europe are the colonial trade with
new countries and the salve trade from Africa to America.
Study of Weber: Protestant ethic and capitalism
Hofstede’s fifth dimension and Confucian Dynamism.
Religion: Protest long-term culture
Capitalism new industrialized countries (NIC) in Asia in 1980-1990’s
Inglehart’s social value studies:
Industrial revolution resulted in traditional values shifting to rational values. From
modern to post-modern values.
Culture and economy:
- Friedman accurately summed up the importance of this topic when he recently
wrote: ‘To reduce a county’s economic performance to culture alone is ridiculous, but
to analyse a country’s economic performance without reference to culture is equally
ridiculous, although that is what many economists and political scientists want to.
- Example: Overall, results reveal that masculinity and power distance are statistically
insignificant predictors of growth, while individualism and uncertainty avoidance are
significant.
Characteristics of culture:
Culture:
Is shared by members of a group
Is learned through membership
, Influences attitudes and behaviours
Subcultures:
Organizational cultures
Professional cultures
Political cultures
Religious cultures
Ethnic cultures
Family cultures
Characteristics of culture:
Culture is a complex phenomenon and is often a sensitive topic.
Society dreams it to be correct and proper through beliefs, norms, values, and
practices.
Institutions reinforce these social norms and values through laws, regulations,
and policies.
Ethic and Emic perspectives
Ethic perspectives:
Tangible
Culture can be described as something outside ourselves
We can compare cultures and measure them
We can take part in them without influencing them
Cultures are rather stable
The ethic or outside perspective follows in the tradition of behaviourist
psychology
Based on comparative studies, like Hofstede’s
Emic perspectives:
Intangible
Culture is created by us
You can try to describe a culture only from the inside
Culture is situation dependent
Cultures are dynamic: they change continuously
Cultural anthropologists strive to understand culture from the native’s point of
view
Based on fieldwork in a single culture by d’Irbane
The changing world of business:
Mobilization:
Economic forces treaties, pacts
Political forces wars, refugees
Social forces migration, integration
Environmental forces covid, digitalisation
Global village: the way we do business is homogenized
Global village:
The global village idea is based on understanding media: the world is becoming
smaller due to it.
Costs of communication
Costs of transportation
As a result: build global workflow platforms
,Steers and Osland (2020): the world is becoming faster
What is globalization?
Economic view
The economic view on globalization: an international economic integration that
can be pursued through policies of openness, the liberation of trade,
investment and finance, leading to an open economy.
The main point of discussion is now to what extent the economic integration
stimulates economic growth.
Multi-dimensional view:
According the Mittelman (1996): the manifestation of globalization include:
The spatial reorganization of production
The interpenetration of industries across borders
The spread of financial markets
The diffusion of identical consumers goods to distant countries
Massive transfers of population
An emerging world trade preference to democracy
Drivers of globalization:
Global brands (Nike, Starbucks)
Access to the internet
Emerging markets
Shared resources and development
Interdependence of financial markets
Increasing role of governments, trade policies
Increased customer demands
Drive for efficiency and economies of scale
Globalization:
The global landscape has moved:
Towards continuous change
Towards increased interconnectedness
Towards multiculturalism
Towards (too) many people in the global village
Towards a large stream of mobilisation (goods and people)
Towards fundamental problems that call for an integrated approach and
support from every country/citizen
There is need for universal organizations with recognized trust from all
countries/citizens
Do we have such universally accepted organizations? Are all countries included?
Biculturalism and multiculturalism melting pot, and salad bowl
Cultural pluralism social complexity, cultural stereotyping/ethnocentrism
What is ethnocentrism?
Sunner (1906) defined ethnocentrism as: the view of things in which one’s own group
is the centre of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it.
, Ethnocentrism is not only applicable to tribes and nations but reveals itself in all kinds
of social groups, developing into family pride, sectionalism, religious prejudice, racial
discrimination, and patriotism.
Ethnocentrisms is a universal phenomenon that is rooted deeply in most areas
of inter-group relations.
At the core of ethnocentrism is the tendency for any people to put their own
group in a position of certainty and worthwhile creating and reinforcing
negative attitudes and behaviours towards outgroups.
As Hofstede (1991) argues, ethnocentrism is to a people what egocentrism is
to an individual
Stereotypes
A stereotype is an individual’s set of beliefs about the characteristics or attributes of a
group.
Stereotypes need not to be negative: the belief that accountants are good with
numbers is certainly part of a stereotype.
Stereotypes nee not to be inaccurate: accountants may in fact be quite good
with numbers
In general, stereotypic characteristics distinguish a particular group from other
groups. That is, the attribute is seen as more or less prevalent in this group relative
toother groups. and the stereotype, therefore, describes the differences among
groups. Thus, attributes need not the be highly prevalent in a group to be
stereotypical (although they often are).
Cultural stereotyping
Cultural stereotyping: generalized attributes or cultural descriptions towards a
certain culture and people from that cultural background
These are based on group stereotypes that a set of attributes are agreed as
typical of the group
Cultural stereotyping may lead to pervasive and rigid ingroup-outgroup
distinction involving negative imagery and hostile attitudes regarding the
stereotyped culture and individuals, and a hierarchical, authoritarian view of
interaction in which stereotyped culture is subordinate.
Three paradigms on the degree of culture transformation
1. Cultures are dissimilar and stay dissimilar
2. Convergence of cultures as a result of consumerism (McDonaldization)
3. Hybridization: mixing of cultures
However, that what are actually being mixed are cultural languages rather than their
grammars:
The folkloric, superficial elements of culture (foods, costumes, fashions, arts
and crafts, entertainments etc.) are travelling across cultures
While deeper attitudes and values, they way elements hang together, the
structural ensemble of culture, remain contextually bound.
Glocalization: formed by telescoping global and local to make a blend.
Dochakuka originally adapting farming technique to one’s own local condition.
Later, products should be localised to suit local taste and interests.
Glocalization: creation of products and services intended for the global market but
customised to suit the local cultures.
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