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Samenvatting virologie
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Een volledige samenvatting van de belangrijkste virussen.
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1-11-2019 SAMENVATTINGINLEIDING TOT DE
MYCOLOGIE EN
VIROLOGIE
Sophie Vrijsen
UCLL LEUVEN
,1 INHOUDSOPGAVE
2 Inleiding tot de virologie .................................................................................................................. 4
2.1 Geschiedenis van de virologie.................................................................................................. 4
2.2 De virale structuur ................................................................................................................... 4
2.3 Virale replicatiecyclus .............................................................................................................. 6
2.3.1 Attachment ...................................................................................................................... 6
2.3.2 Binnendringen in doelwitcel (entry) ................................................................................ 6
2.3.3 Uncoating......................................................................................................................... 7
2.3.4 Eigenlijke replicatie .......................................................................................................... 7
2.3.5 Assembly van nieuwe virions ........................................................................................... 7
2.3.6 De maturatie .................................................................................................................... 8
2.3.7 Release............................................................................................................................. 8
2.4 Virus classificatie ...................................................................................................................... 8
2.5 Virustransmissie ....................................................................................................................... 9
2.5.1 Directe transmissie ........................................................................................................ 10
2.5.2 Indirecte transmissie...................................................................................................... 10
2.6 Samenvatting ......................................................................................................................... 12
3 Humaan immunodeficiëntievirus (HIV) .......................................................................................... 13
3.1 Oorsprong en ontdekking HIV-virus ....................................................................................... 13
3.2 Transmissie/overdracht ......................................................................................................... 13
3.3 HIV-virologie .......................................................................................................................... 14
3.3.1 HIV-subtypes .................................................................................................................. 14
3.3.2 Binnendringen van het HIV-virus ................................................................................... 14
3.4 HIV-epidemiologie ................................................................................................................. 15
3.5 HIV-symptomen ..................................................................................................................... 15
3.6 HIV-laboratoriumdiagnostiek ................................................................................................. 16
3.7 De behandeling ...................................................................................................................... 16
4 Respiratoire virussen ..................................................................................................................... 17
4.1 Luchtweginfecties: pathologie ............................................................................................... 17
4.1.1 Bovenste luchtweginfecties (BLWI)................................................................................ 17
4.1.2 Onderste luchtweginfecties ........................................................................................... 18
4.2 Klinische symptomen ............................................................................................................. 19
4.3 Definities ARI, ILI en SARI ....................................................................................................... 19
4.4 Virale oorzaken van luchtweginfecties .................................................................................. 19
4.4.1 Epidemiologie van respiratoire infectieziekten in België ............................................... 19
, 4.4.2 Respiratoir syncytieel virus (RSV) ................................................................................... 19
4.4.3 Humaan metapneumovirus ........................................................................................... 23
4.4.4 Parainfluenza virus ......................................................................................................... 25
4.4.5 Adenovirus ..................................................................................................................... 29
4.4.6 Rhinovirus ...................................................................................................................... 32
4.4.7 Coronavirus .................................................................................................................... 34
4.5 Leerdoelen ............................................................................................................................. 39
5 Poxvirussen .................................................................................................................................... 40
5.1 Geschiedenis .......................................................................................................................... 40
5.2 Symptomen............................................................................................................................ 40
5.3 Soorten poxvirussen .............................................................................................................. 40
5.3.1 Chicken Pox .................................................................................................................... 40
5.3.2 Molluscipox .................................................................................................................... 40
5.4 Epidemiologie ........................................................................................................................ 40
6 Hepatitisvirussen ........................................................................................................................... 42
6.1 De lever .................................................................................................................................. 42
6.1.1 Histologie ....................................................................................................................... 42
6.2 Transmissie ............................................................................................................................ 42
6.3 Hepatitis A virus (HAV) ........................................................................................................... 43
6.3.1 Transmissie .................................................................................................................... 43
6.3.2 Seroprevalentie .............................................................................................................. 43
6.4 Hepatitis B virus (HBV) ........................................................................................................... 43
6.4.1 Structuur ........................................................................................................................ 43
6.4.2 Transmissie .................................................................................................................... 44
6.4.3 Symptomen.................................................................................................................... 44
6.4.4 Laboratoriumdiagnostiek ............................................................................................... 44
6.5 Hepatitis C virus (HCV) ........................................................................................................... 45
6.5.1 Transmissie .................................................................................................................... 45
6.5.2 Symptomen.................................................................................................................... 45
7 Virusdiagnostiek............................................................................................................................. 46
7.1 Rechtstreekse methoden ....................................................................................................... 46
7.1.1 Elektronenmicroscoop (TEM) ........................................................................................ 46
7.1.2 Elektronenmicroscoop (SEM) ........................................................................................ 46
7.1.3 Elisa ................................................................................................................................ 47
7.1.4 Directe immunofluorescentie (IFA) ................................................................................ 47
7.1.5 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ................................................................................... 47
, 7.1.6 Chain Termination Methode .......................................................................................... 47
7.1.7 Next Generation Sequencing ......................................................................................... 48
7.2 Onrechtstreekse methoden ................................................................................................... 48
7.2.1 Virus isolatie................................................................................................................... 48
7.2.2 Hemadsorptie ................................................................................................................ 48
7.2.3 Hemagglutinatie............................................................................................................. 48
7.2.4 Serologische testen: via AL-detectie: ............................................................................. 48
8 Griep en griepvaccinatie (influenzavirus)....................................................................................... 50
8.1 Geschiedenis .......................................................................................................................... 50
8.2 Structuur ................................................................................................................................ 50
8.3 Transmissie ............................................................................................................................ 51
8.4 Preventie................................................................................................................................ 51
8.5 Epidemie/ Epidemiologie ....................................................................................................... 51
8.6 Symptomen............................................................................................................................ 52
8.7 Vaccin en vaccinatiemethoden .............................................................................................. 52
8.7.1 Vaccin............................................................................................................................. 52
8.7.2 Vaccinatiemethoden ...................................................................................................... 53
8.7.3 Wanneer en wie vaccineren?......................................................................................... 53
8.7.4 Antivirale middelen tegen influenza .............................................................................. 55
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