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Samenvatting Audiologie 1: Geluidsleer
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Samevatting Audiologie 1: Geluidsleer Complete samenvatting van de lessen en de cursus
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Hogeschool GentAudiologie 1
Geluidsleer
2021-2022
,Audiologie 1: geluidsleer
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1. Sleutelbegrippen uit de fysica ................................................................................................................................... 5
1.1. Massa (m) .......................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.2. Inertie ................................................................................................................................................................ 5
1.3. Snelheid en versnelling (v en a) ........................................................................................................................ 5
1.4. Kracht F ............................................................................................................................................................. 5
1.5. Arbeid (W), energie (E) en vermogen (P) .......................................................................................................... 7
1.5.1. Arbeid ........................................................................................................................................................ 7
1.5.2. Energie ...................................................................................................................................................... 8
1.5.3. Vermogen .................................................................................................................................................. 8
1.6. Elasticiteit .......................................................................................................................................................... 9
1.7. Druk (p) ............................................................................................................................................................. 9
2. Enkelvoudige trillingen.............................................................................................................................................. 9
2.1. Projecties van cirkelvormige bewegingen ........................................................................................................ 9
2.1.1. Projecties op de Y-as ................................................................................................................................. 9
2.1.2. Projectie op de x-as ................................................................................................................................. 15
2.1.3. ALGEMEEN Sinusfunctie versus cosinusfunctie ..................................................................................... 16
2.2. Ongedwongen trilling in massa-veer-stelsels ................................................................................................. 17
2.2.1. Ongedempte en gedempte trilling.......................................................................................................... 17
2.2.2. Krachten op de massa ............................................................................................................................. 17
2.2.3. Uitrekken van een veer ........................................................................................................................... 17
3. Zuivere tonen .......................................................................................................................................................... 20
3.1. Puntbronnen, bolvormige en vlakke golffronten ........................................................................................... 20
3.1.1. Puntbron of monopoolbron .................................................................................................................... 20
3.1.2. Geluid = beweging van luchtpartikels ..................................................................................................... 20
3.1.3. Golffront .................................................................................................................................................. 21
3.1.4. Puntbron ................................................................................................................................................. 21
3.2. Voortplanting, energietransport ..................................................................................................................... 22
3.2.1. 2 types golven ......................................................................................................................................... 22
3.2.2. Longitudinale golf.................................................................................................................................... 22
3.3. Condensaties en rarefacties............................................................................................................................ 22
3.3.1. Geluidstrillingen ...................................................................................................................................... 22
3.3.2. Sinusoïdale drukveranderingen bij een geluidsgolf ................................................................................ 23
3.4. Amplitude, periode, frequentie, golflengte en fase ....................................................................................... 23
3.4.1. Amplitude en frequentie ......................................................................................................................... 23
3.4.2. Voortplanting geluidsgolf ........................................................................................................................ 24
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, 3.4.3. Fase ......................................................................................................................................................... 25
3.4.4. Perceptie van amplitude, fase en faseverschillen................................................................................... 27
3.4.5. Dichotisch luisteren................................................................................................................................. 28
3.5. Obstakels voor geluidsgolven ......................................................................................................................... 29
3.5.1. Terugkaatsing / reflectie van het geluid ................................................................................................. 29
3.5.2. Absorptie van het geluid ......................................................................................................................... 30
3.5.3. Transmissie van het geluid ...................................................................................................................... 30
3.5.4. Reflectie of diffractie? ............................................................................................................................. 31
3.5.5. Samenvatting .......................................................................................................................................... 34
3.6. Interferentie van geluiden .............................................................................................................................. 34
3.6.1. Interferentie = samenstelling .................................................................................................................. 36
3.6.2. Interferentie 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 36
3.6.3. Interferentie 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 37
3.6.4. Interferentie 3 ......................................................................................................................................... 40
3.6.5. Interferentie 4 ......................................................................................................................................... 49
Spectrum ................................................................................................................................................................. 50
Fourieranalyse = FFT ............................................................................................................................................... 51
4. Complexe geluiden.................................................................................................................................................. 51
4.1. Analyse van golven.......................................................................................................................................... 51
Oscillogram: Weergave van een geluid................................................................................................................... 51
Spectrum: Weergave van een geluid ...................................................................................................................... 51
Realistische geluiden............................................................................................................................................... 52
Complex geluid........................................................................................................................................................ 53
Spraak: een complex geluid ................................................................................................................................... 54
Complexe geluiden.................................................................................................................................................. 54
Zuivere toon ............................................................................................................................................................ 55
Samenstelling van een complexe trilling ................................................................................................................ 56
Spectrale samenstelling .......................................................................................................................................... 56
Fourier transformatie.............................................................................................................................................. 56
Digitale signaalverwerking ...................................................................................................................................... 57
Enkele typische spectra........................................................................................................................................... 58
4.2. RMS-amplitude: amplitudemaat voor complexe trillingen ............................................................................ 60
RMS amplitude geluidsdruk .................................................................................................................................... 61
5. De decibelnotatie .................................................................................................................................................... 61
5.1. Geluidswisseldruk en geluidsenergie .............................................................................................................. 61
Geluidsenergie ........................................................................................................................................................ 62
Energie per oppervlakte.......................................................................................................................................... 63
Energiedichtheid ..................................................................................................................................................... 63
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, Geluidsintensiteit I ................................................................................................................................................. 63
Uitstraling geluidsenergie ....................................................................................................................................... 64
Afname geluidsintensiteit ifv afstand tot de bron .................................................................................................. 64
5.2. Intensity level (IL) ............................................................................................................................................ 65
Geluidsintensiteit: Hoorbaar bereikµ ..................................................................................................................... 65
Intensiteitsniveau.................................................................................................................................................... 65
Intensiteitsniveau: Twee voorbeelden ................................................................................................................... 66
Intensiteitsniveau: Formule .................................................................................................................................... 66
Intensity Level (IL) ................................................................................................................................................... 66
Geluidssterkte in het vrije veld ............................................................................................................................... 66
Afname van geluidssterkte ..................................................................................................................................... 66
Intensiteitsniveau op afstand d2 van de bron ......................................................................................................... 66
Intensiteitsniveau bij verdubbeling afstand ........................................................................................................... 67
Geluidssterkte van het diffuus veld ........................................................................................................................ 67
Geluidssterkte in een diffuus veld .......................................................................................................................... 68
Reflecties tegen de wanden .................................................................................................................................... 68
Totaal absorberend vermogen ............................................................................................................................... 68
Samenstelling van het diffuus veld: nuttige en storende reflecties ...................................................................... 68
5.3. Sound pressure level (SPL) .............................................................................................................................. 71
Verband geluids(wissel)druk en geluidsintensiteit ................................................................................................. 71
Formule ................................................................................................................................................................... 72
Relatie IL en SPL ...................................................................................................................................................... 72
5.4. Rekenen met decibels ..................................................................................................................................... 72
Geluidsniveaus optellen .......................................................................................................................................... 72
Verdubbeling geluidsintensiteit: Algemene regel................................................................................................... 73
Geluidsintensiteit x 10: Algemene regel ................................................................................................................. 73
Geluidsintensiteiten optellen.................................................................................................................................. 73
Geluidsintensiteit aftrekken.................................................................................................................................... 74
Verhouding van luidheden ...................................................................................................................................... 75
Luidheden optellen en aftrekken ............................................................................................................................ 76
Geluidswisseldruk optellen ..................................................................................................................................... 76
Rekenen met dB’s: Samenvatting ........................................................................................................................... 77
6. Impedantie en resonantie ....................................................................................................................................... 78
Ongedwongen trilling in massa-veer-stelsels ............................................................................................................. 78
Frequentie van een massa-veer-stelsel .................................................................................................................. 79
Conclusies frequentie van een massa-veer-stelsel ................................................................................................. 79
Ongedwongen trilling: Een voorbeeld .................................................................................................................... 80
Ongedempte en gedempte trilling.......................................................................................................................... 80
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