Summary
Samenvatting Basiswetenschappen 2: Neuro-Anatomie
- Course
- Institution
Complete samenvatting van de lessen en cursus Bevat 5 delen: - Neuro-Anatomie - Neuro-Fysiologie - Neuro-Pathologie - Psychiatrie - Geriatrie
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
trog0405
Reviews received
Content preview
Hogeschool GentBasiswetenschappen 2
Neuro-anatomie, -fysiologie, -pathologie, geriatrie en psychiatrie
2021-2022
,Inhoud
1 HET ZENUWSTELSEL ONTVANGT, INTEGREERT EN BEANTWOORDT INFORMATIE .......................................................... 15
1.1 DE ANATOMISCHE OPDELING VAN HET ZENUWSTELSEL ..................................................................................................... 16
1.2 HET PERIFEER ZENUWSTELSEL KUNNEN WE VERDER OPDELEN IN EEN SOMATISCH EN EEN AUTONOOM
ZENUWSTELSEL. ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
1.3 DE NEUROLOGISCHE REACTIE ...................................................................................................................................................... 17
2 ZENUWWEEFSEL...................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
2.1 ZENUWWEEFSEL ................................................................................................................................................................................. 18
2.2 NEURONEN ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 18
ALGEMENE BOUW VAN EEN NEURON ..................................................................................................................................................... 18
ACTIEPOTENTIALEN REIZEN LANGS HET AXON ....................................................................................................................................... 19
NEURONEN STAAN VIA SYNAPSEN MET ELKAAR IN CONTACT ................................................................................................................. 19
ER BESTAAN 3 TYPES NEURONEN, MET TELKENS EEN VERSCHILLENDE FUNCTIE .................................................................................. 20
REGENERATIE VAN NEURONEN ............................................................................................................................................................. 22
2.3 NEUROGLIA........................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
NEUROGLIA IN HET CZS ....................................................................................................................................................................... 23
NEUROGLIA IN HET PZS = CELLEN VAN SCHWANN ............................................................................................................................... 24
2.4 GRIJZE EN WITTE STOF .................................................................................................................................................................... 25
GRIJZE STOF ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
WITTE STOF .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
3 PRIKKELGELEIDING EN PRIKKELOVERDRACHT ........................................................................................................................... 28
3.1 PRIKKELGELEIDING BINNEN EEN NEURON................................................................................................................................ 28
DE CELMEMBRAAN ................................................................................................................................................................................ 29
RUSTTOESTAND .................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
DEPOLARISATIE .................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
REPOLARISATIE .................................................................................................................................................................................... 31
HYPERPOLARISATIE .............................................................................................................................................................................. 31
3.2 DE SYNAPS: DE PLAATS VOOR PRIKKELOVERDRACHT VAN NEURON NAAR EEN VOLGENDE CEL ...................... 32
BOUW VAN EEN SYNAPS ........................................................................................................................................................................ 32
ENKELE BEGRIPPEN .............................................................................................................................................................................. 33
VERLOOP VAN PRIKKELOVERDRACHT TER HOOGTE VAN SYNAPS .......................................................................................................... 33
HET TYPE NEUROTRANSMITTER BEPAALT HET EFFECT IN DE POSTSYNAPTISCHE CEL . .......................................................................... 34
3.2.4.1 Exciterende neurotransmitters ............................................................................................................................................... 34
1
, 3.2.4.2 Inhiberende neurotransmitters ............................................................................................................................................... 35
4 HET CENTRAAL ZENUWSTELSEL ....................................................................................................................................................... 35
4.1 BELANGRIJKSTE HERSENGEBIEDEN ........................................................................................................................................... 35
4.2 DE VENTRIKELS ................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
4.3 CEREBRUM OF GROTE HERSENEN ............................................................................................................................................... 37
CEREBRALE CORTEX............................................................................................................................................................................. 38
4.3.1.1 De hersenkwabben .................................................................................................................................................................. 39
4.3.1.2 Algemene functies van de cerebrale cortex ......................................................................................................................... 40
4.3.1.3 Motorische gebieden ............................................................................................................................................................... 40
oefening ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 42
4.3.1.4 Sensorische gebieden ............................................................................................................................................................. 42
CEREBRALE WITTE STOF ....................................................................................................................................................................... 44
BASALE KERNEN ................................................................................................................................................................................... 44
4.4 DIENCEPHALON (TUSSENHERSENEN) ......................................................................................................................................... 46
EPITHALAMUS ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 46
THALAMUS ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 47
HYPOTHALAMUS ................................................................................................................................................................................... 47
HET LIMBISCH SYSTEEM ........................................................................................................................................................................ 49
4.5 HERSENSTAM (TRUNCUS CEREBRI) ............................................................................................................................................. 50
MIDDENHERSENEN (MESENCEPHALON) ................................................................................................................................................ 51
PONS .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 51
4.5.2.1 Formatio reticularis .................................................................................................................................................................. 52
MEDULLA OBLONGATA .......................................................................................................................................................................... 52
4.6 KLEINE HERSENEN ............................................................................................................................................................................. 53
4.7 DE MENINGES....................................................................................................................................................................................... 53
DURA MATER ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 54
ARACHNOÏD MATER ............................................................................................................................................................................... 55
PIA MATER ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 55
4.8 HET CEREBROSPINAAL VOCHT ..................................................................................................................................................... 56
4.9 HET RUGGENMERG ............................................................................................................................................................................ 57
4.10 SPINALE REFLEXEN ........................................................................................................................................................................... 60
5 NEURO- ANATOMIE: HET PERIFEER ZENUWSTELSEL ................................................................................................................. 61
2
,5.1 INTRODUCTIE ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 61
5.2 DE SPINALE ZENUWEN...................................................................................................................................................................... 61
PLEXUSSEN .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 62
5.3 DE HERSENZENUWEN (BELANGRIJK VOOR EXAMEN) ........................................................................................................... 62
NERVUS OLFACTORIUS (N. I) ................................................................................................................................................................ 64
NERVUS OPTICUS (N. II) ....................................................................................................................................................................... 64
NERVUS OCULOMOTORIUS (N. III) ........................................................................................................................................................ 65
NERVUS TROCHLEARIS (N. IV) ............................................................................................................................................................. 65
NERVUS TRIGEMINUS (N. V) ................................................................................................................................................................. 65
NERVUS ABDUCENS (N. VI) .................................................................................................................................................................. 66
NERVUS FACIALIS (N. VII) .................................................................................................................................................................... 67
NERVUS VESTIBULOCOCHLEARIS (N. VIII) ............................................................................................................................................ 68
5.3.8.1 Radix cochlearis ......................................................................................................................................................................... 69
5.3.8.2 Radix vestibularis....................................................................................................................................................................... 70
NERVUS GLOSSOPHARYNGEUS (N. IX)................................................................................................................................................. 71
NERVUS VAGUS (N. X) ..................................................................................................................................................................... 72
NERVUS ACCESSORIUS (N. XI) ........................................................................................................................................................ 73
NERVUS HYPOGLOSSUS (N. XII) ...................................................................................................................................................... 74
OVERZICHT HERSENZENUWEN ......................................................................................................................................................... 75
5.4 CENTRALE SYSTEMEN (LEZEN) ..................................................................................................................................................... 76
VESTIBULAIR SYSTEEM ......................................................................................................................................................................... 76
5.4.1.1 Het perifere deel van de radix vestibularis ........................................................................................................................... 76
5.4.1.2 Binnenkomen van de radix vestibularis in de hersenstam ................................................................................................. 77
5.4.1.3 Secundaire vestibulair systeem ............................................................................................................................................. 77
5.4.1.4 Samenwerking van oogspieren, halsspieren en evenwichtsorgaan ................................................................................. 78
AKOESTISCH SYSTEEM.......................................................................................................................................................................... 78
5.4.2.1 Nuclei cochleares..................................................................................................................................................................... 79
5.4.2.2 Colliculi inferiores ..................................................................................................................................................................... 80
5.4.2.3 Auditieve schors ....................................................................................................................................................................... 80
6 HET AUTONOOM ZENUWSTELSEL ..................................................................................................................................................... 81
6.1 AUTONOOM ZENUWSTELSEL = ONWILLEKEURIG ZENUWSTELSEL. ................................................................................. 81
BOUW: .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 81
3
, BESTAAT UIT 2 GROTE SUBEENHEDEN: ................................................................................................................................................. 82
7 NEUROPATHOLOGIE ............................................................................................................................................................................... 83
7.1 NAH .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 83
7.2 TRAUMATISCH HERSENLETSEL (THL) ......................................................................................................................................... 84
EPIDEMIOLOGIE .................................................................................................................................................................................... 84
OORZAKEN............................................................................................................................................................................................ 84
PATHOFYSIOLOGIE ................................................................................................................................................................................ 84
7.2.3.1 Primair hersenletsel ................................................................................................................................................................. 85
7.2.3.2 Secundair hersenletsel ............................................................................................................................................................ 85
ERNST VAN LETSEL ............................................................................................................................................................................... 86
7.2.4.1 GCS (= glascow coma scale) ................................................................................................................................................. 86
7.2.4.2 Duur van de coma of bewustzijnsdaling ............................................................................................................................... 87
7.2.4.3 PTA (post traumatische amnesie) ......................................................................................................................................... 87
ZIEKTEBEELDEN .................................................................................................................................................................................... 88
PROGNOSE ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 88
VEGETATIEVE TOESTAND ...................................................................................................................................................................... 89
GEVOLGEN............................................................................................................................................................................................ 90
7.2.8.1 Sensomotorische problemen.................................................................................................................................................. 90
7.2.8.2 Epilepsie .................................................................................................................................................................................... 91
7.2.8.3 Zenuwschade ........................................................................................................................................................................... 91
7.2.8.4 Intellectuele schade ................................................................................................................................................................. 91
7.2.8.5 Gestoord geheugen ................................................................................................................................................................. 91
7.2.8.6 Gedragsproblemen .................................................................................................................................................................. 92
7.2.8.7 Ataxie ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 92
7.2.8.8 Spasticiteit ................................................................................................................................................................................. 92
7.2.8.9 Praxiestoornissen .................................................................................................................................................................... 92
7.2.8.10 Perseveratie.............................................................................................................................................................................. 93
7.2.8.11 Spraak- en taalstoornissen ..................................................................................................................................................... 93
7.2.8.12 Agnosie...................................................................................................................................................................................... 93
7.2.8.13 Attentiestoornissen .................................................................................................................................................................. 94
7.3 CVA .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 95
DEFINITIE .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 95
4
, FYSIOLOGIE VAN DE HERSENENDOORBLOEDING ................................................................................................................................... 96
INCIDENTIE ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 96
CLASSIFICATIE ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 97
ISCHEMISCHE CVA ............................................................................................................................................................................... 97
7.3.5.1 Risicofactoren ........................................................................................................................................................................... 97
7.3.5.2 Prognose ................................................................................................................................................................................... 98
7.3.5.3 Gevolgen en stoornissen op lichamelijk vlak ....................................................................................................................... 99
a. Splitsing van het lichaam .................................................................................................................................................................. 99
b. Asymmetrie......................................................................................................................................................................................... 99
c. Pushen .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 100
d. Hemianopsie .................................................................................................................................................................................... 100
e. Incontinentie en obstipatie (= constipatie).................................................................................................................................... 100
f. Stoornissen in denken, emoties en gedrag ................................................................................................................................. 100
7.3.5.4 Behandeling ............................................................................................................................................................................ 101
7.3.5.5 Behandeling in ziekenhuis (Ischemische CVA) ................................................................................................................. 102
a. Fase 1: de hyperacute fase............................................................................................................................................................ 102
b. Fase 2: de acute fase ..................................................................................................................................................................... 102
c. Fase 3: de herstelfase .................................................................................................................................................................... 103
d. Fase 4: de revalidatiefase .............................................................................................................................................................. 103
HERSENBLOEDINGEN .......................................................................................................................................................................... 103
7.4 EPILEPSIE ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 104
DIAGNOSE ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 104
BEHANDELING ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 104
GEGENERALISEERD BEGIN .................................................................................................................................................................. 105
7.4.3.1 Tonisch clonisch..................................................................................................................................................................... 105
7.4.3.2 Absence .................................................................................................................................................................................. 105
FOCALE BEGIN .................................................................................................................................................................................... 105
7.5 EXTRAPIRAMIDALE ZIEKTEN ........................................................................................................................................................ 105
HET EXTRAPIRAMIDAAL SYSTEEM (EPS) ............................................................................................................................................ 105
DE ZIEKTE VAN PARKINSON ................................................................................................................................................................ 106
7.5.2.1 Definitie.................................................................................................................................................................................... 106
7.5.2.2 Etiologie................................................................................................................................................................................... 107
5
, 7.5.2.3 Epidemiologie ......................................................................................................................................................................... 107
7.5.2.4 Fysiopathologie ...................................................................................................................................................................... 107
7.5.2.5 Klinisch beeld ......................................................................................................................................................................... 108
7.5.2.6 Behandeling ............................................................................................................................................................................ 109
a. Medicamenteus................................................................................................................................................................................ 109
b. Chirurgie: deep brain stimulation (= DBS) ................................................................................................................................... 111
7.5.2.7 Prognose ................................................................................................................................................................................. 111
7.6 MULTIPLE SCLEROSE (MS) ............................................................................................................................................................ 112
DEFINITIE ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 112
DE MYELINE-SCHEDE: EVEN OPFRISSEN ............................................................................................................................................. 112
EPIDEMIOLOGIE .................................................................................................................................................................................. 113
ETIOLOGIE .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 113
VERLOOP ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 114
7.6.5.1 Klinische subtypes ................................................................................................................................................................. 114
a. Recidiverende-remitterende multipele sclerose (RRMS):.......................................................................................................... 115
b. Secundair progressieve multiple sclerose (SPMS)..................................................................................................................... 115
c. Primair progressief (PPMS) ........................................................................................................................................................... 115
d. Progressief-remitterende multipele sclerose (PRMS). ............................................................................................................... 115
SYMPTOMEN ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 115
7.6.6.1 Klinisch beeld ......................................................................................................................................................................... 115
7.6.6.2 Beginsymptomen ................................................................................................................................................................... 116
7.6.6.3 Motorische stoornissen van de piramidale baan ............................................................................................................... 116
7.6.6.4 Cerebellaire symptomen en hersenstam symptomen ...................................................................................................... 117
7.6.6.5 Visusstoornissen .................................................................................................................................................................... 117
7.6.6.6 Darm-en blaas stoornissen................................................................................................................................................... 117
7.6.6.7 Sensibiliteitsstoornissen ........................................................................................................................................................ 117
7.6.6.8 Andere ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 118
PROGNOSE ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 118
DIAGNOSE ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 118
THERAPIE............................................................................................................................................................................................ 119
7.7 INFECTIES VAN HET ZENUWSTELSEL ........................................................................................................................................ 120
MENINGITIS ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 120
6
, MENINGO-ENCEFALITIS ....................................................................................................................................................................... 121
7.8 INTRACRANIËLE TUMOREN ........................................................................................................................................................... 121
VERSCHILLENDE TYPES ...................................................................................................................................................................... 122
BEHANDELING ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 123
PROGNOSE ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 123
7.9 AMYOTROFE LATERALE SCLEROSE .......................................................................................................................................... 123
DEFINITIE ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 123
EPIDEMIOLOGIE .................................................................................................................................................................................. 124
KLINISCH BEELD .................................................................................................................................................................................. 124
DIAGNOSE ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 124
BEHANDELING ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 125
7.10 HOOFDPIJN ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 125
CLASSIFICATIE ............................................................................................................................................................................... 125
GERIATRIE ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 127
1 BEGRIPPEN .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 127
1.1 GERONTOLOGIE ................................................................................................................................................................................ 128
1.2 GERIATRIE ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 129
2 NORMALE VEROUDERING ................................................................................................................................................................... 130
2.1 DEMOGRAFISCHE ASPECTEN....................................................................................................................................................... 130
LEVENSVERWACHTING ........................................................................................................................................................................ 130
VERGRIJZING ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 132
LANGER LEVEN OF BETER LEVEN? ...................................................................................................................................................... 133
3 ALGEMENE VEROUDERING VAN DE VERSCHILLENDE STELSELS ........................................................................................ 133
3.1 HET CARDIOVASCULAIRE STELSEL ........................................................................................................................................... 134
DE BLOEDVATEN ................................................................................................................................................................................. 134
3.2 HET PULMONAAL STELSEL ........................................................................................................................................................... 136
3.3 HET ZENUWSTELSEL ....................................................................................................................................................................... 136
OUDERDOMSZIEKTEN VAN HET ZENUWSTELSEL (ZIE TERUG) .............................................................................................................. 136
HET PERIFERE ZENUWSTELSEL ........................................................................................................................................................... 136
3.4 DE ZINTUIGEN .................................................................................................................................................................................... 137
OOG.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 137
OOR .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 138
7
,3.5 HET IMMUNOLOGISCH STELSEL .................................................................................................................................................. 140
3.6 HET UROGENITALE STELSEL ........................................................................................................................................................ 140
DE NIEREN .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 140
DE URINEWEGEN................................................................................................................................................................................. 140
URINAIRE INCONTINENTIE ................................................................................................................................................................... 141
3.7 HET LOCOMOTORISCHE STELSEL .............................................................................................................................................. 141
HET SKELET ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 141
ADDENDUM: ARTROPLASTIEK HEUP .................................................................................................................................................... 141
DE SPIEREN ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 142
KRAAKBEEN ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 142
4 PROFIEL VAN DE GERIATRISCHE PATIËNT ................................................................................................................................... 143
4.1 CASUSSEN .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 143
CASUS 1: MIA ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 143
CASUS 2: ROBERT .............................................................................................................................................................................. 143
4.2 KENMERKEN VAN DE GERIATRISCHE PATIËNT ...................................................................................................................... 144
LEEFTIJD ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 144
MULTIPLE PATHOLOGIE ....................................................................................................................................................................... 144
GEWIJZIGDE PRESENTATIE EN VERLOOP VAN PATHOLOGIE ................................................................................................................. 145
VERMINDERDE ADAPTATIEMOGELIJKHEDEN ........................................................................................................................................ 145
BEDREIGDE VALIDITEIT........................................................................................................................................................................ 145
POLYFARMACIE ................................................................................................................................................................................... 146
NEIGING TOT PSYCHISCHE STOORNISSEN ........................................................................................................................................... 146
SOCIALE PROBLEMATIEK ..................................................................................................................................................................... 146
BEHANDELING EN MULTIDISCIPLINAIRE AANPAK .................................................................................................................................. 147
4.3 BEOORDELING VAN DE FUNCTIONELE CAPACITEIT BIJ OUDEREN ................................................................................. 147
BARTHEL INDEX .................................................................................................................................................................................. 148
LAWTON EN BRODY IADL-TESTS ....................................................................................................................................................... 149
KATZ -SCHAAL..................................................................................................................................................................................... 150
5 VOORZIENINGEN VOOR OUDEREN IN BELGIË.............................................................................................................................. 152
5.1 VOORZIENINGEN VOOR OUDEREN THUIS ................................................................................................................................. 152
THUISVERPLEEGDIENSTEN .................................................................................................................................................................. 152
MANTELZORGERS ............................................................................................................................................................................... 153
8
, GEZINS- EN BEJAARDENHULP ............................................................................................................................................................. 154
5.1.3.1 Wie krijgt hulp? ....................................................................................................................................................................... 154
5.1.3.2 Hoe wordt die hulp georganiseerd? .................................................................................................................................... 154
5.1.3.3 Financiële bijdrage................................................................................................................................................................. 154
EXTRA DIENSTEN ................................................................................................................................................................................ 154
5.1.4.1 Boodschappendienst ............................................................................................................................................................. 154
5.1.4.2 Warme maaltijden aan huis .................................................................................................................................................. 154
5.1.4.3 Uitleendiensten....................................................................................................................................................................... 154
ZORGWONEN OF KANGOEROEWONEN ................................................................................................................................................. 155
ERGOBEGELEIDING EN WOONADVIES ................................................................................................................................................. 155
5.2 HET ZIEKENHUIS: DE G-DIENST.................................................................................................................................................... 155
5.3 GESPECIALISEERDE INSTELLINGEN .......................................................................................................................................... 157
WOONZORGCENTRA ........................................................................................................................................................................... 157
RUST- EN VERZORGINGSTEHUIZEN ..................................................................................................................................................... 158
DAGVERZORGINGSCENTRUM (DVC) .................................................................................................................................................. 158
CENTRUM VOOR KORTVERBLIJF .......................................................................................................................................................... 159
CENTRUM VOOR HERSTELVERBLIJF .................................................................................................................................................... 160
ASSISTENTIEWONING .......................................................................................................................................................................... 160
6 GROTE GERIATRISCHE PROBLEMEN .............................................................................................................................................. 161
6.1 IMMOBILISATIE .................................................................................................................................................................................. 161
EPIDEMIOLOGIE EN ETIOLOGIE ............................................................................................................................................................ 161
PREVALENTIE VAN FIXEREN IN GENT .................................................................................................................................................. 161
FYSIOLOGIE VAN BEDRUST .................................................................................................................................................................. 162
COMPLICATIES .................................................................................................................................................................................... 163
6.1.4.1 Tromboflebitis/ Diep veneuze trombose/ longembool....................................................................................................... 163
6.1.4.2 Pneumonie .............................................................................................................................................................................. 163
6.1.4.3 Osteoporose ........................................................................................................................................................................... 163
6.1.4.4 Spieratrofie.............................................................................................................................................................................. 163
6.1.4.5 Decubitus ................................................................................................................................................................................ 164
6.1.4.6 Depressie, mentale achteruitgang, verwarring en desoriëntatie ..................................................................................... 164
7 CAPITA SELECTA ................................................................................................................................................................................... 165
7.1 EUTHANASIE....................................................................................................................................................................................... 165
9
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller trog0405. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $12.34. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
53340 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now