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Samenvatting Basiswetenschappen 1: psycholinguïstiek en fonetiek
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Samenvatting van de lessen en de cursus omtrent psycholinguïstiek en fonetiek.
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Hogeschool GentBasiswetenschappen 1
Psycholinguïstiek en fonetiek
2021 - 2022
,Inhoud
Communicatie ................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Productie en comprehensie .......................................................................................................................................... 3
Vorm, inhoud en gebruik .............................................................................................................................................. 5
Spreken en verstaan ......................................................................................................................................................... 7
Spraakklanken ............................................................................................................................................................... 8
Sonorante spraakklanken ......................................................................................................................................... 9
Obstruente spraakklanken ........................................................................................................................................ 9
Indeling van de spraakklanken en fonetische tekens ............................................................................................. 11
Coarticulatie en assimilatie ..................................................................................................................................... 13
Distributie en frequentie van voorkomen .............................................................................................................. 14
Spraakklanken herkennen .......................................................................................................................................... 14
Kenmerkdetectoren ................................................................................................................................................ 15
De ‘eenheid’ van perceptie ..................................................................................................................................... 17
Bottom-up vs top-down .......................................................................................................................................... 19
Woorden herkennen ................................................................................................................................................... 21
Geschreven woorden herkennen: lezen ................................................................................................................. 23
Priming .................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Informatie uit het zinsverband halen ......................................................................................................................... 27
Termen .................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Chomsky en LAD (= Language Acquisition Device) ................................................................................................. 28
Proces van zinsontleding: 2 rondes ........................................................................................................................ 28
Syntactische ambiguïteit ......................................................................................................................................... 29
Boodschappen begrijpen ............................................................................................................................................ 30
Experiment rond oproepen van verbindingen........................................................................................................ 30
Boodschappen opstellen............................................................................................................................................. 31
Formuleren.................................................................................................................................................................. 32
1. Woorden vinden ............................................................................................................................................. 32
2. Woorden ordenen........................................................................................................................................... 34
3. Woorden morfo-fonologisch vormen ............................................................................................................. 35
Foneren en articuleren ............................................................................................................................................... 37
Bewijs 1: .................................................................................................................................................................. 37
Bewijs 2: .................................................................................................................................................................. 37
Wat is fonetiek? .............................................................................................................................................................. 39
Ademhaling voor spraak ................................................................................................................................................. 39
Ademvolumes ............................................................................................................................................................. 41
Fonatie ............................................................................................................................................................................ 44
Glottale cyclus en laryngaal brongeluid ...................................................................................................................... 47
1
, Aërodynamische stemparameters .......................................................................................................................... 48
Myofunctionele stemparameters ........................................................................................................................... 48
Microperturbaties ................................................................................................................................................... 50
Resonantie ...................................................................................................................................................................... 54
Resonantie bij sonoranten .......................................................................................................................................... 55
Schwa of doffe ‘e’.................................................................................................................................................... 55
Open en gesloten klinkers....................................................................................................................................... 55
De akoestische klinkerruimte (‘vowel space’) ........................................................................................................ 55
Nasalen en nasaliteit ............................................................................................................................................... 56
Obstruenten .................................................................................................................................................................... 57
Suprasegmentele kenmerken ......................................................................................................................................... 58
Spreektoonhoogte ...................................................................................................................................................... 58
Auditieve feedback ......................................................................................................................................................... 58
2
, Psycholinguïstiek
Communicatie
• VERBAAL ↔ NON-VERBAAL
Met woorden zonder woorden
o Voorbeelden: lied, lezing, verveeld kijken, zwaaien
• MONDELING ↔ SCHRIFTELIJK
Gaat letterlijk via de mond anders
o Voorbeelden: fluiten, krant, spreken, poster (manier om wetenschappelijke kennis over te brengen)
• EENZIJDIG ↔ TWEE-/ MEERZIJDIG
Directe reactie is niet mogelijk wisselwerking is mogelijk
o Voorbeelden: telefoongesprek, speech (bv in Aziatische landen waar leider speech houd en de
andere mensen gedisciplineerd stijf staan te luisteren → niks van interactie)
Productie en comprehensie
Al het over communicatie gaat wordt best altijd gespecifieerd:
Productie of
• Of het gaat over productie dan wel over comprehensie comprehensie?
o Productie = het produceren van taal
o Comprehensie = taalbegrip, het begrijpen van
taal communicatie
• Welk symbolisch gehalte de communicatie heeft
Symbolisch Communica
o bv paraplu tekenen – heel abstract / iedereen
gehalte? tie-wijze?
weet dat je een paraplu bedoelt, b/d/p/q – zo
goed als hetzelfde maar betekent iets anders dus
spreken we ook anders uit (niets van verbinding
tussen geluiden maar symbolen lijken op elkaar)
= gaat mee bepalen hoe communicatie eruit ziet (moeilijk / makkelijk)
• Welk communicatiemodi er gebruikt worden
o = beslist mee hoe makkelijk / moeilijk de communicatie is bv gebaren kunnen dubbele betekenis
hebben bv de meisje – vrouwelijk, het meisje – onzijdig → ze spreken ‘slang’, maar kunnen juist
aanduiden wat het is
Communicatiemodel
3
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