Summary IB History - Causes, practices, and effects of WWI
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IB History
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Pearson Baccalaureate
The summary covers the main causes, practices, and effects of WWI and provides several historians' opinions that might enhance your IB History Paper 2 essay.
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Causes of WWI
Long-term causes (MAIN - militarism, alliances, imperialism,
nationalism)
Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871
Results:
For Germany:
Alsace-Lorraine annexed to Prussia;
Indemnity – 5 mln marks to Prussia;
Prussian victory march through Paris;
Germany became a new power in Europe
For France:
France’s position has been undermined
Shifting the balance of power in continental Europe
Significance:
France was humiliated in war and this was causation on considering Germany an enemy till
the state would gain its territories back.
Germany France UK Austria-Hungary Russia Turkey
Constitutional Democratic Parliamentary Dual Monarchy Autocratic – “Divine the “Sick man of
Monarchy Strongest Republic, with Democracy with a 2 parliaments Monarchy” Europe” – Power
industrial power in extended civil monarchy; Majority of population – of Sultan was
Europe liberties; Problems: peasants terminally
Economy 1. Slow economic undermined in
Social problems Economy 1. First European growth; Problems: most areas
1.Industrialization → 1. agriculturally power to undergo 2. National rivalries 1. Industrialization →
a large working class based; sizeable industrial revolution 3. Key concern – the middle and working and Problems:
and a growing middle gold reserves 2. building vast demise of the middle class rivalries 1. Divisions
class 2. overseas overseas empire Ottoman Empire on (revolution of 1905) between Turks,
2. Socio-economic investment – 3. leader in their border → 2. failure in Wars: Slavs and other
tensions between particularly in international trade strengthening Crimean War 1853-1856; Europeans in the
these groups and Russia; nationalist feelings Russo-Japanese war empire, Christians
authoritarian Problems: of Slavic peoples → (1904-1906) → No and Muslims.
government Problems: 1. overtaken in desire for longer perceived as a 2. 1909 – Sultan
3. promoted 1. Political industrial production independence from superpower. was overthrown by
militarism – against division – Pacifist by the USA and the Ottoman empire the “Young Turks”
liberal democratic left and Germany and unification with Foreign Policy goal: – group of
reforms ( by Junkers - Revanchist right 2. increasing of “brothers” in the A-H Encouraging Slav economic and
Prussian landowning wing working class empire nationalism on Balkans political
classes = political 2. to establish its own modernizers of
dominance) Alsace-Lorraine; influence country
The Eastern Question
Most European powers – To support Turkish empire and persuade it to modernize
The Russians – to promote self-government for the Balkan states
Austro-Hungary – Deeply opposing Russian idea
,Web of Alliances
Aim: to protect Germany from future attacks, avoiding a two-front war
The Dual alliance 1879 – Germany/Austro-Hungary – agreement to assist one another if
Russia attacked them
The Triple Alliance 1882 – Germany/Austria-Hungary/Italy – If any of the signatories were
attacked by two or more powers, the others promised to provide assistance
The Reinsurance Treaty 1887 – (after failure of “Three Emperors alliance”) - separate treaty
with Russia
Expansionism
New Course and Weltpolitik
“Reinsurance Treaty” with Russia collapsed
Franco-Russian alliance of 1894 – 1. Mutual assistance if either was attacked by Germany,
2. Immediate mobilization in response to the deployment of forces by any member of the
Triple Alliance
Significance of New Course:
Bismarck’s system was destroyed – France was free of its isolation1
Weltpolitik – Germany’s desire to make its influence felt outside Europe
was to bring it into conflict with Britain.
Jameson Raid of December 1895 – Unsuccessful British attempt of inciting a rising against
the Boer Republic in Transvaal in South Africa.
Germany sent a telegram to Boer’s leader congratulating him on his success in resisting the
attack from Britain.
Significance of Weltpolitik:
The policy brought Germany into the conflict with Britain
Militarism
Naval race between Germany and Britain:
Reason: Challenging British supremacy in the sea
German naval law1898 – building 17 ships over the next 7 years;
The Second naval law – 1900
1906 – in response, Britain launched a super battleship HMS Dreadnought
Significance of German militarism: German naval expansion had forced Britain into seeking
an agreement with its former colonial rivals
1904 Entente – with France, setting a completely new direction for Anglo-French relations
1907 – Russia, the UK, and France joined together in the Triple Entente against Germany.
A consequence of German militarism: polarization of Europe into two alliances system →
the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance
, Short-term causes:
Deteriorating relationships between Germany, France, and Britain
Moroccan Crisis 1905
Germany attacked France in Morocco
Britain supported France;
Algeciras conference 1906 - Germany had not gained concessions in North Africa
Significance of Moroccan crisis: Germany was now seen as the key threat to British as well
as French interests
The second Morrocan Crisis 1911
1. Moroccan sultan asked France to send its troops to Morocco to suppress a revolt
broken out;
2. Germany saw this as the beginning of the French over of Morocco and sent their own
gunboat Panther there.
3. Britain was worried by the Germans aspirations in Africa
Significance:
British and French entente was strengthened
Tensions between Germany and Britain started to increase
Situation in Balkans
Serbia:
1903 – pro-Austrian king Alexander was murdered and replaced by Russophile King Peter –
determined to reduce Austro-Hungarian influence
Consequence: Great anxiety in Austro Hungary, Serbia turned to France for arms and
finance.
Significance: worsened relationships between A-H and Serbia
The Bosnian Crisis 1908:
1. The Young Turks staged a revolution in Constantinople, established a constitutional
government, and inaugurated a reform program
2. Austro-Hungary annexed the provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina before the new
Turkish regime could regain control over them.
3. Outrage in Serbia - Bosnia and Herzegovina are closer ethnically and territorially
Consequence
1. Outrage in Serbia ← Russia – backing Serbia and simultaneously having negotiations
with Austro-Hungary about the influence in the Black Sea straits
2. Anti-Austrian opinion in Russia → pressure on the government
3. Germany sided Austro-Hungary
Significance:
1. Increasing Serbian nationalistic feelings
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