Summary
Summary Paper 2:Authoritarian states
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Economic, political and cultural policies of both mao and hitler.
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Different points of view Mao Hitler war HitlerIntentionalists: Jack Gray Hugh-Trevor-Rooper Hitler encouraged chaos within
explain events Mao was ready to use violence. Germany wanted to have wars the state to create competing
by focusing on the decisive because of ideological purposes. power centers that would allow
impact of particular individuals Mein Kampf and Hossbach him to be the final arbiter.
or events. Memorandum
Structuralists: AJP Taylor NSDAP moved rapidly from
react against the intentionalist Hitler needed wars of conquest to opposition party→ party of
approach and build up a picture stop the German economy from administration (1933-34)
of what happened through collapsing.
meticulous research, often at the Gerhard Ritter
grassroots level. Failure of Weimar was to win
trust of the people
Marxists:
work from the
standpoint that economic
forces are the main causal
actor in historical change
and development.
Revisionist: Hugh-Trevor-Rooper Multiple factors led to the rise of
approaches are Idea that Hitler wanted an Mao→Great Depression, Weimar
relatively recent and challenge Eastern European State of pure Republic.
what had been up to then race.
accepted as orthodox or even
definitive interpretations.
, Context/Events
China, ruled by the Qing dynasty for centuries, ended in 1911. Weakness of Weimar Republic
→spread of revolutionary ideas. - “Stab in the back” myth
Yuan, imperial general, pacts with the rebels. Military support in - lack of democratic tradition + fear of communists, bolsheviks
exchange for being the leader (instead of Sun Yatsen).
WW1→ revisionists, revanchists and nationalists
President Yuan Shikai Weimar
1913 calls for parliamentary elections Stage 1: (1918-1919)
1914 the GMD win>Yuan bans the GMD (this is not very - “Stab in the back” myth of the German defeat in WW1. Belief that
revolutionary.) + he does not keep foreigners away (accepts most of Germany was not losing and they signed the armistice and betrayed
China’s 21 demands). Yuan dies and China is divided. the German nation.
- kaiser abdicates, november criminals sign the armistice with the
Warlord Period (1916-1923) “War Guilt Lie” and loss of territory.
No effective central control of China until 1927. Power held by the
warlords. Stage 2: (1919-1923)
Sun and the GMD attempted to create a republic in southern - Ebert has many problems. So he allows the army to stay imperium
china→needed to launch the northern expedition. in imperio, meaning they could do as they liked, loyal to themselves.
● May Fourth Movement 1919. Chinese protestors because of - Proportional representation prevented strong governments and
WW1 humiliation. Shandong given to Japan even though Article 48 is sometimes viewed as undemocratic.
China was an ally. -Polarization of political life (Spartacist and Kapp Putsch)
-1923: “currency delirium”, french-belgian occupation of the
Emergence of Mao ruhr>passive resistance through strike>government paid the
May Fourth paves the way for the CCP in 1921, backed by the salaries>hyperinflation
Russian comintern. -dawes plan of 1924
CCP and GMD didn’t necessarily have to exclude one another. -Nsdap’s 25 points
First United Front 1924 Stage 3: (1924-1929)
CCP and GMD join to crush freign intervention and take down the -golden years, faith in the system is restored because of the respected
warlords. Gustav Stresemann
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