1 Full Answer Key to W.D. Mounce, Basics of Biblical Greek: Workbook Revision 15 Aug 2009. John C. Beckman Preface Is using an answer key legitimate? Yes, but only if your teacher permits. If you use t his answer key without your teacher’s permission, y ou may be cheating in class. Taking a Greek class is worse than useles s if it starts or continues a pattern of God-dishon oring dishonesty, whereas taking the “risk” of obedience is an opport unity to grow in faith. “Hope in the Lord and do wh at is right!” (Ps 37:3). Suggestion for use If your teacher allows, it may be helpful to use th is answer key to check your answer to each workbook problem immediately after you have written a complete answe r for it. Doing so will give you immediate feedback on whether or not you answered correctly. Beware, however, that i f you look at the answer key before you write a com plete answer in your workbook, you may not actually learn the mater ial as well as you may think you have. Guide to the answer key The answer to a translation question steps through the text, giving for each word the parsing code (se e page 2 of this answer key), an English equivalent, and sometimes a lso the lexical form. Then an English translation i s given. In the early chapters, an intermediate translation is also given that preserves the Greek word order and mini mizes the number of added words. In some lessons, the intermediate tran slation also contains grammatical information in {c urly brackets}. The English translations given are often intentiona lly stilted in order to emphasize the grammar, to a void paraphrasing the texts from memory, and to convey nuances that a re too awkward to express in a normal translation.. When parsing questions ask for (2x) or (3x), we are looking for different lexical forms, moods, person s, or tenses. After chapter 7, words with multiple genders, voices, or cases are not marked as (2x) because they are so co mmon. Errors? When you find errors in this answer key, please rep ort them at www.teknia.com using the “contact” page . The most recently corrected version of this documen t is available at www.teknia.com. Fonts This document uses Times, Arial, and TekniaGreek (w hich is available at www.Teknia.com). +H cavriV tou: kurivou hJmw:n =Ihsou: Cristou: meta; pavntwn uJmw:n . (Pro;V QessalonikeiæV b v 3:18) 2 Basics of Biblical Greek Workbook – Answer Key Parsing Code Person • 1 = 1 st Person • 2 = 2 nd Person • 3 = 3 rd Person Tense • P = Present • I = Imperfect • F = Future • A = Aorist • T = Perfect • L = Pluperfect • R = Future Perfect Gender • M = Masculine • F = Feminine • N = Neuter • Mf = Masculine or Feminine • Mn = Masculine or Neuter • Mfn = Masculine, Feminine, or Neuter Number • S = Singular • P = Plural Voice • A = Active • M = Middle • P = Passive • Mp = Middle or Passive • Md = Middle Deponent • Pd = Passive Deponent • Mpd = (Middle or Passive) Deponent Case • N = Nominative • G = Genitive • D = Dative • A = Accusative • V = Vocative • Na = Nominative or Accusative • Nv = Nominative or Vocative Mood • I = Indicative • P = Participle (technically not a mood) • S = Subjunctive • N = Infinitive (technically not a mood) • M = Imperative • O = Optative Suffixes • x = Indeclinable word • ! = Emphatic form • Parsings are abbreviated with a code (e.g., FSN ) instead of being written in full (e.g., feminine singular nominative). • The order of the code letters matters because the s ame letters are used with different meanings in dif ferent positions. For example, in the code “NSN,” the first “N” refer s to neuter, and the second “N” refers to nominativ e. The order of the code letters depends upon the type of word a s follows: • Nouns, adjectives, & pronouns with gender: Gender, Number, Case, (“x” if indeclinable) • Pronouns without gender: Number, Case, (“!” if emphatic form) • Finite verbs: Tense, Voice, Mood, Person, Number • Infinitives: Tense, Voice, “Mood” • Participles: Tense, Voice, “Mood,” Gender, Number, Case • Prepositions: “ →,” Case of object of preposition • If a word is indeclinable, we add the suffix “x” at the end of the parsing code to indicate that the c ase came from the context rather than from the form. The gender and n umber are fixed for most indeclinable words, but oc casionally they come from the context as well. • E.g., MSNx is an indeclinable form that is masculine, singula r, nominative. • We use upper case except when multiple parsings are possible. • When multiple parsings are possible, we use lower c ase for additional possibilities in a position, so that each capital letter indicates a change in position. If the conte xt indicates that one is correct, we underline it. • E.g., PAI2S = Present Active Indicative 2nd person Singular • E.g., MfnPG = Masculine, Feminine, or Neuter Plural Genitive, but FPG in that context. • E.g., PAI3P /PAPMnPD = Present Active Indicative 3rd person Plural or P resent Active Participle (Masculine or Neuter) Plural Dative. But PAI3P in that context. • If a verb is deponent, we put a lower-case “d” at t he end of the morphological voice code. • E.g., PMpdI2S is middle or passive in form, but active in meanin g (“middle-passive deponent”). • E.g., AMdI2S is middle in form, but active in meaning (“middle deponent”). • E.g., APdI2S is passive in form, but active in meaning (“passiv e deponent”). • Prepositions do not inflect, so they do not need to be parsed. But, because the case of the object of the preposition may indicate the meaning of the preposition, the ca se of the object is used as the “parsing code” for prepositions. • E.g., Parse the preposition parav as ( →G from) if it takes a genitive in that context, ( →D beside) if it takes a dative, and ( →A alongside of) if it takes an accusative in that co ntext. 3 Exercise 3 The Alphabet and Punctuation Grammar 1. What are the seven vowels? Name Lower Case Upper Case Alpha a A Epsilon e E Eta h H Iota i I Omicron o O Upsilon u U Omega w W 2. When do you find the two different forms of sigma? a. The “final sigma” form ( V ) is written wherever lower-case sigma is the last letter of a word. b. The normal lower-case form ( s ) is written wherever lower-case sigma is not the last letter of a word. 3. What are the two breathing marks, and when do you f ind them? a. The rough breathing mark ( + ) sounds like the English letter “h.” b. The smooth breathing mark ( = ) does not affect pronunciation. • If the first letter of a word is a vowel or the let ter rho ( r ), the word has a breathing mark. • If the first letter of a word is not a vowel or the letter rho ( r ), the word does not have a breathing mark. • If the first letter of a word is upsilon ( u ) or rho ( r ), the breathing mark is always a rough breathing mark. Otherwise, either a rough breathing mark or a smoot h breathing mark could be used, depending upon the word. • The breathing mark is placed as follows: • If the word begins with a diphthong, then the breat hing mark goes over the second vowel of the diphtho ng (e.g., aijwvn and Aijwvn ). • Otherwise, the breathing mark goes over the first l etter of the word (e.g., rJabbiv , uJpevr , wJV , and ajmhvn ). • Exception: If the first letter is a capital letter (and not part of a diphthong), the breathing mark g oes in front of the capital letter instead of over it, bec ause there is no room over the capital letter to pu t a breathing mark. (e.g., +RwmaiæoV , =HlivaV , and +Iovpph ). 4. How does the iota subscript affect pronunciation? • The iota subscript does not affect pronunciation. 1 5. When is the diaeresis used? • The diaeresis ( ¨ ) is used over the second of two vowels in a row that normally form a diphthong, but should be pronounced separately in this particular word. For example, in English, “Noel” as a man’s name has one syllable and rhymes with “mole” because “oe” forms a diphthong in English. “Noël” as a woman’s name, however, has two syllables and is pronounced as “no el” because the diaeresis over the “e” indicates that “oe” does not form a diphthong in this word. 1 Advanced information: Some teachers instruct stude nts to pronounce alpha differently depending on whe ther it is short or long. Since iota only subscripts under long vowe ls, if alpha has an iota subscript, then you know t hat it is a long alpha, and should be pronounced accordingly. Where there i s no iota subscript, however, you need some other i nformation to know whether the alpha is long or short, and hence how to pronounce it. So the iota subscript does not affect the pronunciation of alpha, but it tells you which pron unciation to use. Because of the difficulty in know ing whether an alpha is long or short, some teachers have students pronounce alpha the same regardless of whether it is long or short. 4 Basics of Biblical Greek Workbook – Answer Key This page intentionally left blank.
