This assignment comprises of information which can be useful to you if you are doing UNIT 8 LA A which is about musculoskeletal system. the assignment should be used for ideal purpose only and there is no guarantee of getting the desired grade even though this has achieved to a distinction level be...
Musculoskeletal system comprises of bones, cartilage, ligaments, connective tissues, and tendons.
The skeleton is well structured in the body, so it allows to maintain the body structure together with
muscles and other tissues. They also co – operate to maintain the posture and allows movements
simply, the musculoskeletal system is the basic principle of who how muscles co – exist with the
bones. In this report, I will show the anatomy and the physiological side of musculoskeletal system in
the human body. I will also describe the effects of disorders of muscles and joints and the
appropriate treatments. I will compare how disorders of the musculoskeletal system can affect how
muscles bring about movement of joints and the significance of treatment. Finally, I will evaluate the
effect of treatment associated with musculoskeletal disorder.
Diagram:
Functions of musculoskeletal system:
Cranium:
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,Mohammed Salam Unit 8: LA A
The cranium is part of the skull. The entire skull is composed of 22 bones only eight are cranial
bones. Its main role is to protect and hold the brain it also gives passage of the cranial nerves that
are useful for general function. The cranium is found at the top of the head and is and is like a shape
of a cap it also joins with the facial skeleton. In infancy, the cranial bones have gaps between them,
and they are connected by connective tissue the area can be felt as soft. It usually takes
approximately 2 -3 months for the cranial bones fuse together into one piece for infants. The cranial
nerves are found in the cranium and exits through the passages of the cranial bones. These nerves
are responsible for smelling, looking, and eating. The cranium allows attachment points for the
muscles of the face.
Mandible:
Anatomically, the mandible, also known as the lower jawbone, is by far one of the strongest and
largest bones in the face. The lower set of teeth is held in place by this horseshoe-shaped bone.
Besides the mandible, the temporomandibular joint is the only moving bone of the skull, which is
associated both with muscles that allow chewing and ligaments forming the joint. There are several
muscles that are attached to mandible such as:
The skull's maxilla, or upper jaw, is a crucial structural component of the viscerocranium, responsible
for the formation of the orbit, nose, palate, and holding the upper teeth. It also plays an important
role in chewing and communicating with other individuals. The body of this bone is composed of one
component - the body - and four components - processes frontal, zygomatic, alveolar, and palatine.
Several viscerocranium bones surround the maxilla, which is connected to the adjacent bone via the
intermaxillary suture. There are facial muscles that are attached to maxilla such as:
Zygomaticus – cheek muscle which helps to raise the edge of the mouth when smiling,
dimple can be formed in some cases.
Masseter – a muscle that allows opening and closing the jaw when chewing.
Buccinator – another cheek muscle that helps to keep the food positioned in the mouth
when chewing and helps to smile and whistle.
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,Mohammed Salam Unit 8: LA A
Vertebral column:
Often called the spine or backbone, the vertebral column consists of bony vertebrae interconnected
by cartilaginous intervertebral discs and runs from the base of the skull to the tip of the coccyx.
Located in the centre of the backbone is the spinal cord. The vertebral column is made up of 33
vertebrae joined by strong joints and ligaments. It has very important role as it can allow the person
to twist and bend. The vertebral column also protects the spinal cord which is fragile.
Cervical - The cervical area of the spine is anatomically as well as clinically important. The
brachial plexus, which supplies the arms with nerves, and the cervical plexus, which supplies
the diaphragm with nerves, develop from this region. In addition to providing vital blood
flow to the brain, the cervical spine serves as a mechanism to attach muscles that move in
the head, shoulder girdle and neck. (1) There are several muscles that are attached to the
cervical spine, some of which attach partially and others completely. For example, anterior
neck muscles include the rectus capitis anterior and lateralis, longus capitis and colli, and
anterior, middle, and posterior scalene muscles. The superficial back muscles are the
trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboid minor, and serratus posterior superior. Suboccipital
muscles include the rectus capitis posterior major and minor muscles, as well as the obliquus
capitis superior and inferior muscles. The splenius capitis and cervicis are two of the
spinotransversales muscles. The iliocostalis cervicis and thoracis, longissimus capitis and
cervicis, and spinalis cervicis are all erector spinae muscles. The semispinalis capitis, cervicis,
and thoracis muscles, as well as the multifidus and rotatores cervicis muscles, are all
transversospinalis muscles. (2)
Thoracic - It is composed of twelve strong vertebrae located in the middle of the spinal
column, sandwiched between the cervical and lumbar vertebrae above and below. The
twelve thoracic vertebrae, along with the rest of the spine, are separated by intervertebral
discs. They differ in many ways from other types of vertebrae, however. Longissimus muscle,
spinalis muscle (part of the erector spinae) are connected to thoracic.
Lumbar vertebrae – it is part of the backbone which is made up of 5 bones called vertebrae.
In addition to serving as attachment points for muscles and ligaments, these bones provide
stability and mobility at the back and spinal column. As part of the spine's function, the
lumbar spine protects the lumbar nerve roots, which branch out of the spinal cord and travel
down the buttocks and legs. The lumbar bones form a canal that protects these nerve roots.
There are various attachments of muscle in lumbar vertebrae:
- Longissimus muscle
- Spinalis muscle (part of the erector spinae)
- Psoas major
- Intertransversarii muscle
- Multifidus muscle
Sacrum - Due to bipedalism, the body needs the sacrum to stabilize muscles in the legs and
abdomen. Humans also require a wide pelvis that can provide them with leverage during
movement and balance, as well as give them flexibility during childbirth. Sacrum can endure
a lot of pressure and motion. The sacrum gives support when sitting down. During the
ageing process approximately mid- teens to early thirties, the sacrum's overall shape
solidifies and the sacral vertebrae fuse into a single structure. The fusion takes time, but it
can be useful tool for estimating the age and the gender of the skeleton. In female, the
sacrum is moderately wider, shorter and is more curved than male’s sacrum.
The piriformis, iliacus, and coccygeus muscles all attach to the sacrum.
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, Mohammed Salam Unit 8: LA A
Coccyx – this bone is the bone of pelvis or also known as tailbone it is small and has a
triangular shape it is found in the bottom of the spine. In addition to being attached to
numerous pelvic floor muscles, the coccyx also has several redundant attachment points, the
majority of which are far stronger and more stable than the vertebrae of the coccyx. Coccyx
may be smaller than sacrum, but it has an important role like it supports the weight of the
person when sitting down. Gluteus maximus muscle, levator ani muscle and coccygeus
muscle are all attached to coccyx.
intervertebral discs - An intervertebral disc protects the spinal nerves and intervertebral
discs that run through the middle of the spine when the vertebrae are collided by an impact
from activity. As a result of repeated pressure on the spine, the gel moves within the
annulus fibrosus and redistributes itself to absorb the impact. 24 discs make up the human
spine, Fibrocartilaginous material is used to make the discs, it is surrounded by a strong
material called the annulus fibrosus, Mucoprotein gel is found inside this gel, The nucleus
pulposus is the name given to the interior. The mucoprotein gel on the intervertebral disc
often diminishes and the spine consumes less shock as a person age. As a result, chronic
back pain may be caused when the annulus fibrosus on the intervertebral disc deteriorates
as well as rips.
Ribs:
Several long, curved bones lie within the rib cage and are connected to the spinal vertebrae via
costal cartilages, which allow the rib cage to expand during respiration. The rib cage encloses and
protects many vital organs (such as the heart and lungs). Even though these ribs are fixed in place,
they allow a certain amount of movement outwards during inhalation and exhalation, which helps
stabilize the chest. Typically, there are 12 pairs of paired ribs in the human rib cage, each identical on
the right and left sides. Out of the 24 sets, the first seven are the "true" ribs. These bones are
connected to the costal cartilage, while the remaining five, called 'false' ribs, are not. Three are
connected to non-costal cartilage, whereas the remaining two are referred to as "floating", which
means they only attach to the spine. Women and men have the same number of ribs, although there
are some small anatomical differences. There are many muscles attached to the ribs such as
“External intercostals (elevate ribs), internal intercostals (depress ribs), innermost intercostals (depress
ribs during forced expiration), subcostales (depress ribs), transversus thoracis (depress ribs), serratus
posterior (elevates ribs), levatores costarum (elevate ribs)” (kenhub, n.d.)
Sternum:
Sternum is found in centre of the chest it is also known as breastbone. It protects the organs from
the upper torso region from injury. The sternum is a flat bone where it is found in the centre of the
torso. The sternum has two roles:
support - As well as providing a connection point for the collarbone and most of the rib
cage, the sternum also provides a pivot for other parts of the skeleton. Chest muscles and
muscles in the upper abdomen are connected to the sternum as well.
Protection – the sternum protects the organs from the torso region like lungs, heart, and
blood vessels from the chest.
Attachments of skeletal muscle:
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