CLAUSE- A group of related words that do have a Subject & a Verb
EXAMPLE of Clauses:The ballflewover the fence.
S V
Wandaranhome and played in the yard.
S V
Although Ijumpedover the hurdles…….
S V
PHRASE- Lack a subject & predicate (verb)
VERB PHRASES- A group of words working together to create the verb. Consist of a helping
verb(s) and a main verb.
[Helping Verb(s) + Main Verb]= Verb Phrase
***helping verb “helps” the main verb to complete a verb phrase***
Common helping verbs
“To be” “to do” “to have” modals
Am, are, is do have could, would, should
Was, were does has may, might, must
Be, been did had can, will, shall
P
V
EXAMPLE: Dana [was sleeping] on the couch.
HV MV
VP
Dana [might have been sleeping] on the couch.
HV HV HV MV
A VERB PHRASE CAN BE INTERRUPTED BY AN ADVERB.
EXAMPLE: Arnav was preparingfor his test.
, Arnav was notpreparingfor his test.
Arnav was eagerlypreparingfor his test.
Arnav was not eagerly preparingfor his test.
ADVERB- Modifies a verb, adjective, another adverb, determiner, noun phrase, clause, or
sentence.
LINKING VERBS-Linking verbs connect the subject of the verb to additional information about
the subject (or state of being). A linking verb is a verb that links (connects) the subject of the
sentence to information about that subject. Linking verbs include the verbs: be, become, and
seem. Examples: He is a minister. She seems very nice. The night became darker.
EXAMPLE: Jermaine waswashinghis car.
S LV V
Fahim mayhavearrivedthis morning.
S LV LV V
Rachel couldhavebeenpracticingin the backyard.
S LV LV LV V
Present Tense Past Tense
I am we are I was we were
You are you (y’all) are you (y’all) were you (y’all) were
He is, she is, it is they are he was, she was, it was were
VERB- Action in a sentence or state-of-being.
COMPOUND PREDICATES/ VERBS- 2 or more Predicates (verbs) in a sentence
EXAMPLE: Tyler read and studied.
Tyler read, studiedand slept.
-A Note on Three Problem Verbs-
Three common irregular verbs that confuse many writers are be,do,and have. Here are the
correct present tense and past tense forms of these three verbs.
Present Tense Past Tense
Be I am we are I was we were
You are you are you were you were
He, she, it is they are he, she, it was they were
Do I do we do I did we did
You do you do you did you did
He, she, it does they do he, she, it did they did
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