In het document vind je alle informatie die tijdens de lessen zijn behandeld. Alle informatie komt van de powerpoints die in de lessen zijn behandeld. Er wordt ook gebruik gemaakt van literatuur. Dit heb ik er niet in verwerkt en zul je zelf moeten opzoeken.
Closed & open loop control:
Closed loop model & closed loop control
- Tracking test
o Labyrinth (doolhof)
Open loop model & open loop control
- Reaction task
- Stay in track
Keywoords that you have to know and explain:
- Feedback – feedforward
- Open loop – closed loop
- Ballistic – discrete – continuous – movement time
- Intrinsic feedback – extrinsic feedback
- Motor program – force scaling
- Muscle initiation
- Accuracy – speed/ velocity
Two different models of controlling actions.
- Closed loop models (thermostat model)
o Based on feedback control
- Open loop models (telephone model)
o Based on feedforward control
Information processing
- Closed loop model
o Based on feedback control
Black box model:
,White box model:
,Reaction times in closed loop system:
- M1: 30 – 50 ms
o Shortest loop – monosynaptic
- M2: 50 – 80 ms
o Longer loop – polysynaptic
- M3: voluntary reaction – time response:
o 120 – 180 ms
o Longest loop
M1 response
- Monosynaptic stretch reflex
- (Muscle spindle reflex)
Goal
- Remaining actual muscle length/ posture –
- (‘’Hold your limb in this position’’)
Route
- Muscle spindle – spinal cord –
- Single connection – directly back to
- Same muscle
Effect
- Increasing contraction – stiffness
Characteristics
- Sensory: muscle length & tension
- Involuntary – non-conscious – automatic
- No choices – not flexible
, M2 response
- Polysynaptic, functional stretch reflex
Goal
- Small adjustments to movements: ‘’Let go, relax’’
Route
- Muscle spindle – spinal cord – ascends too higher
- Levels brain – (motor cortex/ cerebellum) –
- Processing information – spinal cord – activation muscles
Effect
- Depending on the task: limb in new position or remaining same position
Characteristics
- Sensory information muscle force & length joint position & body position
- Involuntary – automatic – non-conscious
- Sensible for instruction: ‘’let go – relax- (i.e., in kneejerk reflex) – little choices – poor
flexibility
M3 response
- Voluntary reaction – time response:
Goal
- Making adaptations in relation to task & environment
Route
- All levels in model
Effect
- Depending on task & environment
Characteristics
- Most flexible response
- Affects all body muscles
- Depending of task & circumstance
- Involves anticipation of sensory information
- Depends on decision making processes
o Complexity of the task
o Number of stimulus-response alternatives.
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