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Samenvatting Psychologie van de levensloop, ISBN: 9789463443814 Algemene Psychologie
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Samenvatting doelgroep kinderen en jongeren Periode 1D
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Inhoud1. Verschillende referentiekaders om naar het menselijk gedrag te kijken.........................................................................................5
1.1 Het (bio)medische model............................................................................................................................................................5
1.2 Het sociale model........................................................................................................................................................................5
1.3 Het biopsychosociaal model.......................................................................................................................................................5
1.3.1 Visie op het functioneren.....................................................................................................................................................6
1.3.2 Visie op de hulpverling.........................................................................................................................................................6
1.3.3 Visie op de samenwerking met professionals, met de client en met zijn netwerk.............................................................6
2. De ICF.................................................................................................................................................................................................7
2.1 Situering van de ICF.....................................................................................................................................................................7
2.2 Doel van de ICF............................................................................................................................................................................7
2.3 Wat is de ICF?.............................................................................................................................................................................7
2.3.1 Het model.............................................................................................................................................................................7
2.3.2 ICF als conceptueel kader....................................................................................................................................................7
2.3.3 ICF als classificatiesysteem...................................................................................................................................................8
3. Stromingen......................................................................................................................................................................................10
3.1 Geschidenis van de psychologie................................................................................................................................................10
3.1.1 De verregeschiedenis.........................................................................................................................................................10
3.1.2 De meer directe voorgeschiedenis....................................................................................................................................11
3.1.3 De psychologie als wetenschap van het bewustzijn..........................................................................................................11
3.1.4 De behaveioristische revolutie...........................................................................................................................................12
3.1.5 Nieuwe klemtonen in Europa............................................................................................................................................13
Nieuwe klemtonen in Europa: Gestalte- en dieptepsychologie.................................................................................................13
3.1.6 Amerika en de herontdekking van het innerlijke...............................................................................................................13
3.1.7 Hedendaagse stromingen in de psychologie.....................................................................................................................14
3.2 Studiedomeinen binnen de psychologie...................................................................................................................................15
3.2.1 De theoretosche psychologie.............................................................................................................................................15
3.2.2 De toegepaste psychologie................................................................................................................................................15
4. Het zenuwstelsel.............................................................................................................................................................................15
4.1 De bouwstenen van het zenuwstelsel......................................................................................................................................16
4.1.1 Structur van de neuronen..................................................................................................................................................16
4.1.2 De signaalgeleiding.............................................................................................................................................................16
4.2 Structuur van het zenuwstelsel.................................................................................................................................................18
4.2.1 Het zenuwstelsel in zijn geheel..........................................................................................................................................18
4.2.1 Verdere indeling van de hersenen.....................................................................................................................................20
4.3 Functionele gebieden op de cerebrale cortex..........................................................................................................................22
4.3.1 Soorten cortexgebieden.....................................................................................................................................................23
4.3.2 Primaire zones....................................................................................................................................................................23
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, 4.3.3 Associatiezones..................................................................................................................................................................26
4.3.4 Hemisfeerspecialisatie.......................................................................................................................................................28
5. waarneming.....................................................................................................................................................................................28
5.1 Het waarnemingsproces...........................................................................................................................................................28
5.2 Waarnemen is selecteren.........................................................................................................................................................29
5.2.1 De verschillende zintuigen.................................................................................................................................................29
5.2.2 Het waarneembare spectrum............................................................................................................................................29
5.2.3 De minimunintesiteit van de prikkels................................................................................................................................30
5.2.4 De differentiële gevoeligheid.............................................................................................................................................30
5.2.5 De selectieve aandacht......................................................................................................................................................30
5.3 Waarnemen is structureren......................................................................................................................................................31
5.3.1 Fifuur vs achtergrond.........................................................................................................................................................31
5.3.2 Structurerungsfactoren......................................................................................................................................................32
5.3.3 Herkennen van gestalten...................................................................................................................................................34
5.3.4 Waarnemingsconstanties...................................................................................................................................................34
5.3.5 Waarnemingsillusies..........................................................................................................................................................36
5.3.6 Culturele verschillen in het structureringsproces..............................................................................................................37
5.4 Waarnemen is interpreteren....................................................................................................................................................37
3.4.1 Vroegere ervaringen..........................................................................................................................................................37
3.4.2 De dynamisch-affectieve ingesteldheid.............................................................................................................................37
3.4.3 Invloed vanuit de bredere situatie.....................................................................................................................................37
6 Motivatie..........................................................................................................................................................................................38
6.1 Precisering van de vraagstelling................................................................................................................................................38
6.1.1 De complexiteit van de menselijke motivatie....................................................................................................................38
6.1.2 Hoe psychologen daarmee omgaan..................................................................................................................................39
6.2 Algeme motvatietheorien.........................................................................................................................................................39
6.2.1 De humanistische behoeftetheorie (dieptepsychologie)...................................................................................................39
6.2.2 Humanistische behoeftetheorie van Maslow (Humanistische psychologie).....................................................................41
6.2.3 De zelfdeterminatietheorie (Deci en Ryan) (positieve psychologie).................................................................................42
6.3 Omzetting van behoften in concrete motieven........................................................................................................................43
6.4 Specifieke motivatiemodellen...................................................................................................................................................44
6.4.1 Werk- en studiemotivatie..................................................................................................................................................44
7 Aandacht en Hemisfeerspecialisatie................................................................................................................................................46
7.2 Aandacht...................................................................................................................................................................................46
7.3 Model Van Zomeren en Brouwer (1994)..................................................................................................................................47
7.3.1 Selectiviteit.........................................................................................................................................................................47
7.4 Intensiteit..................................................................................................................................................................................49
7.4.1 Arousal...............................................................................................................................................................................49
7.4.2 Vigilantie.............................................................................................................................................................................49
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, 7.4.3 volgehouden aandacht.......................................................................................................................................................49
7.5 Lokalisatie in de hersenen.........................................................................................................................................................49
7.6 Lateralisatie van aandacht........................................................................................................................................................51
8 het geheugen...................................................................................................................................................................................52
8.1 De vele betekenissen van het woord ‘geheugen’.....................................................................................................................52
8.1.1 Automatische en bewuste nawerking van geheugeninhouden........................................................................................53
8.1.2 Verschillen in tijdsduur.......................................................................................................................................................54
8.3 De inprenting.............................................................................................................................................................................57
8.2.1 Structurering van het materiaal.........................................................................................................................................58
8.2.2 Passende cues of ophaalaanwijzingen...............................................................................................................................59
8.4 De latentieperiode....................................................................................................................................................................59
8.4.1 Bechrijvin van het vergeetproces.......................................................................................................................................60
8.4.2 Waardoor vergeten we?....................................................................................................................................................61
8.4.3 Vergeten als probleem en als pluspunt.............................................................................................................................62
8.5 De reproductie..........................................................................................................................................................................62
8.5.1 Het oproepen van herinneringen.......................................................................................................................................62
8.5.2 Geheugenvervorming/ paramnesia...................................................................................................................................63
8.5.3 Misleidende cues op het moment van de reproductie......................................................................................................63
8.5.4 De invloed van fantasieën en denkbeelden.......................................................................................................................64
9. Emotie.............................................................................................................................................................................................64
9.1 De plaats van emoties in het gedrag.........................................................................................................................................64
9.1.1 Emoties, gevoelens en stemmingen..................................................................................................................................64
9.1.2 Op het snijpunt tussen cognitie en motivatie....................................................................................................................65
9.2 Autome lichaamsveranderingen bij emoties............................................................................................................................66
9.2.1 De belangrijkste lichaamsveranderingen...........................................................................................................................66
9.2.2 Biologisch nut van de autonome lichaamsveranderingen.................................................................................................66
9.2.3 Stress en stress hantering..................................................................................................................................................67
9.3 De psychologische aspecten van emotie..................................................................................................................................69
9.3.1 Expressie van emoties........................................................................................................................................................69
9.3.2 Expressie van emoties........................................................................................................................................................69
9.4 Theoriën over emoties..............................................................................................................................................................70
9.4.1 De perifere en de centrale theorie van de emoties...........................................................................................................70
9.4.2 Cognitieve theorieën..........................................................................................................................................................71
9.4.3 Duale model van Ledoux....................................................................................................................................................72
10. Automatische leerprocessen.........................................................................................................................................................72
10.1 Soorten leerprocessen...........................................................................................................................................................72
10.2 Klassieke conditionering.........................................................................................................................................................73
10.2.1 Het eigenlijke conditioneringsproces...............................................................................................................................73
10.2.2 Bijkomende processen.....................................................................................................................................................74
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, 10.2.3 Een cognitieve interpretatie van de klassieke conditionering.........................................................................................77
10.2.4 Toepassingen van klassieke conditionering: GEDRAGSTHERAPIE...................................................................................79
10.3 Operante conditionering........................................................................................................................................................79
10.3.1 Leren door gissen en missen............................................................................................................................................80
10.3.2 Cognitieve interpretatie van operant leren.....................................................................................................................80
10.3.3 Operante conditioneringsmechanismen.........................................................................................................................82
10.3.4 Toepassingen van operante conditionering....................................................................................................................84
10.4 Sociaal leren of modeling.......................................................................................................................................................86
10.5 Priming...................................................................................................................................................................................87
10.5.1 effecten van priming........................................................................................................................................................88
11. Denken en intelligentie.................................................................................................................................................................88
11.1 De bouwstenen van het denken.............................................................................................................................................88
11.1.1 Het gebruik van begrippen...............................................................................................................................................88
11.1.2 Het gebruik van schema’s en scripts................................................................................................................................89
11.1.3 Denken met beweringen of proposities..........................................................................................................................89
11.2 Het denken in actie.................................................................................................................................................................89
11.2.1 Problemen oplossen.........................................................................................................................................................89
11.2.2 Redeneren........................................................................................................................................................................90
11.3 Valsstrikken bij het denken.....................................................................................................................................................91
11.3.1 Tendentieuze input..........................................................................................................................................................91
11.3.2 Inschattingsfouten............................................................................................................................................................92
11.3.3 Subjectieve invloed..........................................................................................................................................................93
11.4 Het intelligentieonderzoek......................................................................................................................................................94
11.4.1 De structuur van inteligentie...........................................................................................................................................94
11.4.2 Andere soorten intelligentie............................................................................................................................................94
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