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Samenvatting - Methodologie van de sociale wetenschappen ()

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  • June 7, 2022
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Samenvatting methodologie van de sociale wetenschappen


Inhoudsopgave
Hoofdstuk 1: waarom sociaal wetenschappelijk onderzoek? ........................................................................... 5
1.1 Inleiding................................................................................................................................................ 5
1.2 Onderzoek en samenleving .................................................................................................................. 6
1.3 Visies op onderzoek ............................................................................................................................ 11

Hoofdstuk 2: Bouwstenen en soorten sociaalwetenschappelijk onderzoek ................................................... 13
2.1 Inleiding ...................................................................................................................................................... 13
2.2 Bouwstenen van sociaal-wetenschappelijk onderzoek............................................................................... 15
2.2.1 Theorie en empirie ............................................................................................................................. 15
2.2.2 Inductie en deductie ..................................................................................................................... 20
2.2.3 De cyclus van empirisch onderzoek .............................................................................................. 24
2.2 Bouwstenen en soorten van sociaalwetenschappelijk onderzoek ..................................................... 26
2.3 Evaluatieciteria voor wetenschappelijke kennis ................................................................................. 27
2.3.1 Betrouwbaarheid .......................................................................................................................... 29
2.3.2 Geldigheid ..................................................................................................................................... 30
2.3.3 Vakmanschap als kwaliteit ............................................................................................................ 32
2.4 Soorten sociaalwetenschappelijk onderzoek ..................................................................................... 33
2.4.1 Theorie vs praktijkgericht onderzoek ............................................................................................ 33

Hoofdstuk 3: filosofische achtergrond: epistemologische beginselen............................................................. 38
3.1 Inleiding.............................................................................................................................................. 38
3.2 De ontwikkeling van de epistemologie van de wetenschappen ......................................................... 38
3.2.1 Empirische natuurwetenschap: naturalisme en empirisme.......................................................... 38
3.2.2 David Hume’s scepticisme (1711-1776) ........................................................................................ 43
3.2.3 Wiener Kreis: logisch-positivisme en verificationisme ....................................................................... 44
3.2.4 Karl Popper: principe van falsificatie (1902-1994) ............................................................................. 45
3.2.5 Thomas Kuhns paradigma’s (1922-1996) .......................................................................................... 46
3.2.6 Imre Lakatos:: theorie met meerinhoud (1922-1974) ........................................................................ 47

3.3 Wat met de sociale wetenschappen? ............................................................................................... 49
3.3.1 Onderzoeksobject: naturalisme versus constructivisme ............................................................... 49
3.3.2 Naturalisme binnen de sociale wetenschappen ........................................................................... 49
3.3.3 Constructivisme binnen de sociale wetenschappen ..................................................................... 50

Hoofdstuk 4: ethiek in sociaalwetenschappelijk onderzoek ........................................................................... 52
4.1 Inleiding ...................................................................................................................................................... 52
4.2 Hoe omgaan met deelnemers aan onderzoek? .......................................................................................... 53
4.2.1 Vermijden schade als basisprincipe .............................................................................................. 53
4.2.2 Vrijwillige toestemming of ‘informed consent’ ............................................................................. 54
4.2.3 Privacy, vertrouwelijkheid, anonimiteit ........................................................................................ 54
4.3 Professionele standaarden en deontologie ........................................................................................ 55


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, 4.4 Samenleving en wetenschap? ............................................................................................................ 56

HOOFDSTUK 5: ONDERZOEK ONTWERPEN: STRATEGIE & DOELSTELLINGEN .................................................. 58
5.1 Inleiding ...................................................................................................................................................... 58
5.2 Onderzoeksplan .......................................................................................................................................... 58
5.3 Probleemformulering of probleemstelling.................................................................................................. 60
5.3.1 Algemene vraagstelling en onderzoeksdoelstelling: fundamenteel versus praktijkgericht ............... 60
5.3.2 Literatuurstudie: status quaestionis.............................................................................................. 61
5.3.3 Vraagstelling en onderzoeksvragen .............................................................................................. 62
5.4 Onderzoeksopzet of (onderzoeks-)technisch ontwerp ....................................................................... 63
5.4.1 Plaats en situatie van de waarneming: waar? ............................................................................... 63
5.4.2 Tijdstip en periode van waarneming: wanneer en hoelang? ........................................................ 63
5.4.3 Onderzoekseenheden en kenmerken: wie? .................................................................................. 64
5.4.4 Methode van waarneming: hoe? .................................................................................................. 64
5.4.5 Tijdsplanning en financieel overzicht ............................................................................................ 64

HOOFDSTUK 6: KWANTITATIEVE & KWALITATIEVE METING (belangrijk voor examen) .................................. 65
6.2 Meten: enkele basisbegrippen.................................................................................................................... 66
6.2.1 Het meetproces .................................................................................................................................. 66
6.2.2 Soorten concepten ............................................................................................................................. 67
6.2.3 Meten: kwantitatieve versus kwalitatieve benaderingen .................................................................. 72
6.3 Kwantitatief meten ..................................................................................................................................... 73
6.3.1 Uitgangspunt: klassieke testtheorie ................................................................................................... 73
6.3.2 Enkele kenmerken van kwantitatieve variabelen: ........................................................................ 73
6.3.3 Schaaltechnieken .......................................................................................................................... 74
6.3.4 Operationaliseren van relaties tussen kenmerken (sowieso op examen) .................................... 75
6.5.3 Betrouwbaarheid nagaan ................................................................................................................... 81
6.3.5 Meetgeldigheid nagaan ................................................................................................................. 83
6.4 Kwalitatief meten ............................................................................................................................... 85
6.4.1 Het open karakter van kwalitatieve benaderingen ............................................................................ 85
6.4.2 Enkele illustraties van kwalitatieve benaderingen ........................................................................ 86
6.4.2 De kwaliteit van kwalitatieve metingen ............................................................................................. 87

HOOFDSTUK 7: SELECTIE VAN ONDERZOEKSEENHEDEN: STEEKPROEVEN (belangrijk voor examen) .............. 88
7.1 Inleiding ...................................................................................................................................................... 88
7.1.1 Onderzoekseenheden, populatie en steekproef ................................................................................ 91
7.1.2 Steekproef: twee logica’s van selectie ................................................................................................ 91
7.2 Toevalssteekproeven ................................................................................................................................. 93
7.2.1 Stappen bij het trekken van toevalssteekproeven ............................................................................. 93
7.2.2 Types steekproeven ............................................................................................................................ 94
7.2.3 Foutenbronnen bij steekproeftrekking............................................................................................... 99
7.2.4 Steekproefgrootte ............................................................................................................................ 101
7.2.5 Kwantitatieve niet-toevalssteekproeven .......................................................................................... 103
7.3 Theoretische steekproeven ....................................................................................................................... 103
7.3.1 De eigenheid van theoretische steekproeftrekking ......................................................................... 103
7.3.2 Strategieën in theoretische steekproeftrekking ............................................................................... 104

HOOFDSTUK 8: EXPERIMENTEEL ONDERZOEK (examen) .............................................................................. 106
8.2 Onderdelen van het klassieke experimentele ontwerp ............................................................................. 107
8.2.1 Basisschema van een klassiek experiment ....................................................................................... 107
8.2.2 Randomiseren en matchen............................................................................................................... 108
8.2.3 Effect van de stimulus....................................................................................................................... 108


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, 8.2.4 Voormeting ....................................................................................................................................... 109

8.3 Bedreigingen van de interne geldigheid ................................................................................................. 112
8.3.1 Buitenexperimentele gebeurtenissen .............................................................................................. 113
8.3.2 Maturatie of spontane veranderingen ............................................................................................. 113
8.3.3 Testeffect .......................................................................................................................................... 113
8.3.4 Instrumentatie .................................................................................................................................. 113
8.3.5 Statistische regressie ........................................................................................................................ 113
8.3.6 Selectie ............................................................................................................................................. 113
8.3.7 Uitval................................................................................................................................................. 114
8.3.8 Verwachtingen van de onderzoeker ................................................................................................. 114
8.4 Bedreigingen van de externe geldigheid .................................................................................................. 115
8.4.1 Populatiegeldigheid .......................................................................................................................... 115
8.4.2 Naturalistische geldigheid (ecological validity) ................................................................................ 115
8.5 Alternatieven op de klassieke experimentele ontwerpen ................................................................... 115
8.5.1 Quasi-experimentele designs ........................................................................................................... 116
8.5.2 Pre-experimentele ontwerpen ......................................................................................................... 118
8.6 Ethische bekommernissen ........................................................................................................................ 119

HOOFDSTUK 9: SURVEYONDERZOEK (examen) ............................................................................................ 120
9.2 Stappenplan en foutenbronnen ................................................................................................................ 120
9.3 Over vragen en antwoorden ..................................................................................................................... 122
9.4 Het ontwerp van vragenlijsten ................................................................................................................. 127
9.4.1 Model van vraag-antwoord proces (cognitief proces) ..................................................................... 127
9.4.2 Responsfouten en -stijlen ................................................................................................................. 129
9.4.3 Aanbevelingen voor het opstellen van vragenlijsten ....................................................................... 130
9.5 De keuze van de survey modus ................................................................................................................. 130
9.5.1 Face-to-face surveys ......................................................................................................................... 131
9.5.2 Post-enquêtes en websurveys .......................................................................................................... 132
9.5.3 Mixed mode surveys ......................................................................................................................... 137

HOOFDSTUK 10: NIET-REACTIEF ONDERZOEK & SECUNDAIRE DATA-ANALYSE ............................................. 139
10.1 Inleiding .................................................................................................................................................. 139
10.2 Soorten niet-reactieve gegevens ............................................................................................................ 139
10.2.1 Fysische sporen............................................................................................................................... 139
10.2.2 Tekst: inhoudsanalyse .................................................................................................................... 140
10.2.3 Administratieve data & officiële statistieken ................................................................................. 141
10.2.4 Big data ........................................................................................................................................... 143
10.3 Secundaire analyse van onderzoeksdata ................................................................................................ 144
10.4 Voor- en nadelen van niet-reactieve en secundaire data ....................................................................... 144

HOOFDSTUK 11: VELDONDERZOEK & PARTICIPERENDE OBSERVATIE ........................................................... 146
11.2 Types veldonderzoek .............................................................................................................................. 147
11.2.1 Rol van de onderzoeker: observeren vs. Participeren .................................................................... 147
11.2.2 De mate van openheid: verborgen versus open onderzoek .......................................................... 148
11.2.3 Het gehanteerde paradigma: coöperatief versus investigatief onderzoek .................................... 149
11.3 Het verloop van veldonderzoek .............................................................................................................. 150
11.3.1 Planning van het veldwerk ............................................................................................................. 150
11.3.2 Toegang verkrijgen tot het veld ...................................................................................................... 150
11.3.3 Verblijf in het veld .......................................................................................................................... 151
11.3.4 Uittrede uit het veld ....................................................................................................................... 151


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, 11.4 Veldwerknotities ..................................................................................................................................... 152
11.5 Voor- en nadelen van veldonderzoek ..................................................................................................... 152

HOOFDSTUK 12: DIEPTE-INTERVIEWS & FOCUS-GROEPEN ........................................................................... 154
12.2 Epistemologische achtergrond van diepte-interviews ............................................................................ 155
12.2.1 Nadruk op begrijpen en interpretaties ........................................................................................... 155
12.2.2 Nadruk op theorievorming & -ontwikkeling = INDUCTIE ............................................................... 155
12.3 De interviewsituatie................................................................................................................................ 157
12.3.1 Structuur ......................................................................................................................................... 157
12.3.2 Soorten vragen ............................................................................................................................... 158
12.3.3 Valstrikken ...................................................................................................................................... 159
12.4 Focus groepen (onderzoek) .................................................................................................................... 159
12.4.1 Wat zijn focusgroepen? .................................................................................................................. 159
12.4.2 De samenstelling van de focusgroep .............................................................................................. 160
12.5 Van gesproken woord naar geschreven tekst = transcriptie .................................................................. 161
12.6 Analyseren en interpreteren ................................................................................................................... 162
12.6.1 Condenseren van betekenis: .................................................................................................. 162
12.6.2 Categoriseren van betekenis .................................................................................................. 162
12.6.3 Narratieve analyse .................................................................................................................. 162
12.6.4 Diepere interpretatie .............................................................................................................. 163
12.6.5 Ad hoc interpretatie ............................................................................................................... 163
12.7 Kwaliteit? ......................................................................................................................................... 163

HOOFDSTUK 13: HISTORISCH-VERGELIJKEND ONDERZOEK .......................................................................... 164
13.1 Inleiding .................................................................................................................................................. 164
13.2 De oorsprong van vergelijkende methodes: John Stuart Mill ................................................................. 165
13.2.1 Methode van overeenkomst .......................................................................................................... 165
13.2.2 Methode van verschil ..................................................................................................................... 167
13.2.3 Gecombineerde methode van overeenkomst en verschil.............................................................. 168
13.2.4 Methode van gelijktijdige variatie .................................................................................................. 168
13.3 Specifieke kenmerken van historisch-vergelijkend onderzoek ................................................................ 169
13.3.1 Aard van het empirisch materiaal .................................................................................................. 169
13.3.2 Het reconstrueren van historische feiten ....................................................................................... 170
13.3.3 Streven naar oorzakelijke verbanden ............................................................................................. 170
13.3.4 Verbinden micro- en macroniveau ................................................................................................. 171
13.3.5 Het gebruik van contextueel materiaal bij vergelijkingen .............................................................. 171
13.4 Problemen bij historisch-vergelijkend onderzoek ................................................................................... 171
13.4.1 Veronderstelling van equivalentie .................................................................................................. 171
13.4.2 Galton’s probleem .......................................................................................................................... 172
13.4.3 Vertekening door eenhedenselectie .............................................................................................. 172




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