Summary
Summary English Language Structures A
- Course
- Institution
This is a summary of the course English Language Structures A, direction Applied Linguistics at Ghent University. This is a profession from the first year.
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
lunameersch
Content preview
PART ONE: INTRODUCTION TO GRAMMAR1. Introduction: What is grammar?
Phonology = how the language system combines features into phonemes and
phonemes into words
Phonetics = how the speaker produces the fixed set of meaningful speech sounds
and all their combinations
Morphology = studies the relationships between words and morphemes
o Infectional morphology = the study of how words can take different guises
to show grammatical meanings
e.g.: the plural is shown by adding a suffix -s (books + -s)
o Derivational morphology (= word formation = lexical morphology) = the
study of how new words are formed from existing words
e.g.: you can form a noun form a verb by adding suffix -ion (interaction)
e.g.: you can form a verb from a noun by adding suffix -ize (fantasize)
e.g.: you can merge existing words into new ones: chillax, bromance,
wurfing, …
Lexicology = operates at word level only, which is concerned with LEXICAL ITEMS,
mainly words (such as: dictionary, etymology – origin of words, …)
o Lexicology is the study of their history, meanings, and usage
o Lexicography lists and describes LEXICAL ITEMS in dictionaries
Syntax = (‘grammar’ in its narrow, traditional sense) = the study and description of
the structure of sentences, the way in which parts of a sentence are internally
organized and arranged, and the way they relate to one another
Pragmatics = focuses on discourse and the communicative aspects of language
which is broken down in utterances (= a sentence that expresses a speech act, with
the speaker having a particular purpose in mind: statements, commands,
exclamations, questions, requests, offers, suggestions, …)
2. Levels of Grammatical Analysis
Grammatical Analysis can be carried out on different levels, units or ranks. We will
distinguish 6 levels:
- Discourse (consists of …)
- Sentence (consists of…)
- Clause (consists of …)
- Phrase (consists of…)
- Word (consists of…)
- Morpheme (consists of…)
, 2.1 Discourse
This is the HIGHEST LEVEL of grammatical analysis, also called ‘text level’.
Sentences in a paragraph display features of COHESION (=words are being replaced by
synonyms)
Cohesion can also take the form of ELLIPSIS (= elements are simply left out instead of being
repeated or replaced by synonyms)
2.2 Sentence
= a group of words that forms a statement, command, exclamation or question. It contains
a subject and a verb.
It begins with a capital letter and ends with one of the marks: .?!
2.3 Clause
= deelzin
= Clauses are immediate constituent of a sentence
COUNT: number of VP’s
There are main clauses and subordinate clauses/subclauses.
Main clause
o Can stand on its own
o Could be structurally independent or textually dependent
o You can move it around
o Their order is fixed
Subclause
o Cannot stand on its own, structurally dependent
2.4 Phrase
= a group of words belonging together which fulfils a syntactic function in the clause
2.5 Word
2.6 Morpheme
= smallest meaningful unit of grammar.
, 3. Categories in Grammatical Analysis: form, function and meaning
3.1 FORM (class/type)
SENTENCE LEVEL
- Simple (S) enkelvoudige zin
- Compound (Cd) samengestelde zin met nevensch
- Complex (Cx) samengestelde zin met ondersch
- Compound-Complex (Cd-Cx)
- Complex-Compound (Cx-Cd)
CLAUSE LEVEL
- Main clause
- Subclause
o Finite
o Non-finite
To-inf
Bare inf
-ing (present participle)
-ed (past participle)
o Verbless
PHRASE LEVEL (Formal Structure of the clause)
- NP
- GenP
- VP
- AdjP
- AdvP
- PrepP
WORD LEVEL
OPEN CLASS
- Noun (common – proper)
- Verb (lexical – primary aux – modal aux)
- Adjective
- Adverb
CLOSED CLASS
- Determiner (pnadirq)
- Pronoun (pprrrdiq)
- Preposition
- Particle
- Conjunction (co – sub)
- Interjection
, 3.2 FUNCTION (function)
CLAUSE LEVEL (Functional structure of the clause)
- V
- S
- DO (lw)
- IO (mw)
- PO
- CS
- CO
- By-ag
- Adverbial (adjunct, conjunct, disjunct)
- Co-or/Sub-or
PHRASE LEVEL
- Determiner (only in NP)
- Premodifier
- Head
- Postmodifier
- Prepositional Complement (only in PP & only FUNCTIONAL)
4. Grammatical Analysis at SENTENCE level
CLAUSE COUNT: #VPs
Simple (S)
o 1 main clause (=1)
o ___________
Compound (Cd)
o at least 2 main clauses (=min. 2) & connected by and/or/but/-/,/;
o ____and/or/but_____ + _____
Complex (Cx)
o 1 main clause and at least 1 subclause (= 1 + min. 1)
o _____
______ +______
Compound-Complex (Cd-Cx)
o at least 2 main clauses (connected by…) and at least 1 subclause (=min. 2 +
min. 1)
o _____ and/or/but/ ______ + ________
o ______ + _______
Complex-Compound (Cx-Cd)
o 1 main clause and at least 2 subclauses (= 1 + min. 2)
o ______
______+_____ +_____
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller lunameersch. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $5.89. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
81113 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now