Summary
Samenvatting biodiversiteit van dieren H4-12
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Samenvatting van hoofdstuk 4 tot en met hoofdstuk 12
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Biodiversiteit van dieren 2021-20221. Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................6
2. Protista inleiding .........................................................................................................................6
3. Animalie inleiding........................................................................................................................6
4. Parazoa’: Porifera en Placozoa ....................................................................................................6
4.1. Definitie en ontstaan ...........................................................................................................6
4.2. Porifera (=poriedragers) ......................................................................................................6
4.2.1. Inleiding .......................................................................................................................6
4.2.2. Basisbouwplan: het ascontype .....................................................................................6
4.2.2.1. Calcarea (= kalksponzen) ......................................................................................7
4.2.3. Complexere bouwplan .................................................................................................7
4.2.4. Celtypes en skeletelementen .......................................................................................8
4.2.5. Voeding, excretie, gasuitwisseling en zintuigwaarneming ............................................8
4.2.6. Voortplanting, ontwikkeling en overlevingsstadia ........................................................8
4.3. Fylum Placozoa (= plakdiertjes) ............................................................................................9
5. Fylum Cnidaria en Ctenophora .................................................................................................. 10
5.1. Inleiding en algemene kenmerken ..................................................................................... 10
5.2. Structuur van de Cnidaria .................................................................................................. 10
5.3. Systematiek en fylogenie van de Cnidaria .......................................................................... 11
5.4. Classis Hydrozoa ................................................................................................................ 12
5.4.1. Hydropoliepen ........................................................................................................... 12
5.4.2. Hydromedusen .......................................................................................................... 12
5.5. Classis Scyphozoa (= schijfkwallen) .................................................................................... 12
5.5.1. Schyphopoliepen ....................................................................................................... 13
5.5.2. Schyphomedusen....................................................................................................... 13
5.5.2.1. Geslachtelijke voortplanting ............................................................................... 13
5.5.2.2. Ongeslachtelijke voortplanting ........................................................................... 13
5.5.3. Scyphozoa ‘van bij ons’ .............................................................................................. 13
5.6. Classis Cubozoa (=kubuskwallen) ....................................................................................... 14
5.7. Classis Staurozoa ............................................................................................................... 14
5.8. Classis Anthozoa (=bloemdieren) ....................................................................................... 14
5.8.1. Ordo Actiniaria (=zeeanemonen) ............................................................................... 15
5.8.2. Ordo Scleractinia (= echt koralen) .............................................................................. 15
5.9. Fylum Ctenophora (=kamkwallen) ..................................................................................... 15
6. Xenacoelomorpha en Platyhelminthes ...................................................................................... 16
6.1. Xenacoelomorpha (=clade): de vroegste Bilateria? ............................................................ 16
6.2. Fylum Plathelminthes (=platwormen) ................................................................................ 17
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6.2.1. Bouwplan en belangrijkste stelsles ............................................................................. 17
6.2.1.1. Spijsverteringsstelsel .......................................................................................... 17
6.2.1.2. Zenuwstelsel ...................................................................................................... 17
6.2.1.3. Voortplantingsstelsel.......................................................................................... 17
6.2.1.4. Excretiestelsel .................................................................................................... 18
6.2.1.5. Huidspierzak ...................................................................................................... 18
6.2.2. Systematische indeling en verwantschappen ............................................................. 19
6.2.3. Turbellaria of trilhaarwormen .................................................................................... 19
6.2.4. Monogenea ............................................................................................................... 20
6.2.5. Trematoda of zuigwormen ......................................................................................... 20
6.2.5.1. Digenea.............................................................................................................. 20
6.2.5.2. Digenea-voorbeelden ......................................................................................... 22
6.2.6. Cestdoda of lintwormen............................................................................................. 22
6.2.6.1. Subclassis Eucestoda .......................................................................................... 22
6.2.6.2. Eucestoda-voorbeelden...................................................................................... 24
7. Fylum Mollusca (=weekdieren) .................................................................................................. 26
7.1. Inleiding en fylogenetische plaats ...................................................................................... 26
7.2. Aplacophora (=wormvormige weekdieren) ........................................................................ 26
7.3. Eumollusca ........................................................................................................................ 26
7.3.1. Classis Polyplacophora (=keverslakken) ...................................................................... 26
7.3.2. Classis Monoplacophora (=mutsslakken) .................................................................... 26
7.3.3. Classis Scaphopoda (=tandschelpen) .......................................................................... 27
7.3.4. Classis Bivalvia (= tweekleppigen) .............................................................................. 27
7.3.4.1. Schelp en mantel ................................................................................................ 27
7.3.4.2. Voet en geassocieerde structuren ...................................................................... 27
7.3.4.3. Voeding en spijsvertering ................................................................................... 27
7.3.4.4. Zenuwstelsel en zintuigen .................................................................................. 27
7.3.4.5. Voortplanting en ontwikkeling ........................................................................... 28
7.3.5. Classis Gastropoda (=slakken, buikpottigen)............................................................... 28
7.3.5.1. Oorsprong en evolutie........................................................................................ 28
7.3.5.2. Voeding.............................................................................................................. 28
7.3.5.3. Systematiek........................................................................................................ 28
7.3.6. Clasiss Cephalopoda (=koppotigen) ............................................................................ 28
7.3.6.1. Nautilis............................................................................................................... 28
7.3.6.2. Pijlinktvis............................................................................................................ 29
7.3.6.3. Octopoda (=ocotopus)........................................................................................ 29
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,Biodiversiteit van dieren 2021-2022
8. Fylum Annelida ......................................................................................................................... 30
8.1. Inleiding en fylogenetische plaats ...................................................................................... 30
8.2. Fylum Annelida (=ringwormen).......................................................................................... 30
8.2.1. Systematiek ............................................................................................................... 30
8.2.2. Bouwplan .................................................................................................................. 30
8.2.3. Anantomie ................................................................................................................. 30
8.2.3.1. Ademhalingstelsel .............................................................................................. 30
8.2.3.2. Excretiestesel ..................................................................................................... 31
8.2.4. Voortplanting............................................................................................................. 31
8.2.5. Classis Clitellata – subclassis Oligochaeta (=aardwormen) .......................................... 32
8.2.6. Classis Clitellata -subclassis Hirudinea (=bloedzuigers) ............................................... 32
8.2.7. Classis Polychaeta (=borstelwormen) ......................................................................... 33
9. Fylum Nematoda (=rondwormen) ............................................................................................. 34
9.1. Wat en waar ...................................................................................................................... 34
9.2. Morfologie ........................................................................................................................ 34
9.3. Vrijlevende en plantparasitaire nematoden ....................................................................... 35
9.3.1. Vrijlevende nematoden.............................................................................................. 35
9.3.2. Plantparasitaire soorten (=aaltjes) ............................................................................. 35
9.4. Dierenparasitaire nematoden ............................................................................................ 35
9.4.1. Insectparasitaire nematoden ..................................................................................... 35
9.4.2. Dierenparasitaire nematoden met vertebrate eindgastheer....................................... 36
9.4.2.1. Zoöparasitaire nematoden met 1 gastheer ......................................................... 36
9.4.2.2. Zoöparasitaire nematoden met tussengastheer ................................................. 37
9.4.2.3. zoöparasitair met meerdere tussengastheren .................................................... 39
9.5. Systematische indeling van de nematoda .......................................................................... 39
9.6. Andere Ecdysozoa ............................................................................................................. 39
10. Fylum Arthropoda (=geleedpotigen) ...................................................................................... 40
10.1. Inleiding en evolutieve plaats......................................................................................... 40
10.2. Systematiek van de Arthropoda ..................................................................................... 40
10.3. Bouwplan ...................................................................................................................... 40
10.3.1. Basisbouwplan ........................................................................................................... 40
10.3.1.1. Algemene kenmerken ........................................................................................ 40
10.3.1.2. Bouw van het lichaam ........................................................................................ 40
10.3.1.3. Het cephalon en zijn aanhangsels ....................................................................... 40
10.3.1.4. De thorax en zijn aanhangsel .............................................................................. 41
10.3.1.5. Het abdomen en zijn aanhangsles ...................................................................... 41
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10.3.2. Stelsels ...................................................................................................................... 41
10.3.2.1. Integument ........................................................................................................ 41
10.3.2.2. Spijsverteringsstelsel .......................................................................................... 42
10.3.2.3. Zenuwstelsel + zintuigen .................................................................................... 42
10.3.2.4. Bloedvatenstelsel/ circulatorisch stelsel ............................................................. 42
10.3.2.5. Ademhalingsstelsel............................................................................................. 42
10.3.2.6. Excretiestelsel .................................................................................................... 43
10.3.2.7. Voortplantingsstelse .......................................................................................... 43
10.4. Trilobitomorpha of tribolieten ....................................................................................... 43
10.5. Chelicerata (=spinachtingen en schorpioenen) ............................................................... 43
10.5.1. Ordo Scorpiones (=schorpioenen) .............................................................................. 43
10.5.2. Ordo Aranea (=spinnen) ............................................................................................. 43
10.6. Crustacea (=schaaldieren) .............................................................................................. 44
10.6.1. Klasse Malacostraca (=kreeftachtingen) ..................................................................... 44
10.7. Hexapoda (=insecten) .................................................................................................... 45
10.7.1. Classis Entognatha .................................................................................................... 45
10.7.1.1. primitieve Hexopoda .......................................................................................... 45
10.7.1.2. insecta (=insecten) ............................................................................................. 45
10.8. Myriapoda (= duizend- en miljoenpoten) ....................................................................... 46
10.8.1. Klasse Diplopoda (= miljoenpoten) ............................................................................. 46
10.8.2. Klasse Chilopoda (=duizendpoten) ............................................................................. 46
11. Fylum Echinodermata (=stekelhuidigen) ................................................................................ 47
11.1. Algemene kenmerken .................................................................................................... 47
11.1.1. Lichaamswand en coeloom ........................................................................................ 47
11.1.2. Watervatenstelsel ...................................................................................................... 47
11.1.3. Voeding en vertering ................................................................................................. 48
11.1.4. Voortplanting en ontwikkeling ................................................................................... 48
11.2. Fylogenie en classificatie................................................................................................ 48
11.2.1. Classis Asteroidea (=zeesterren)................................................................................. 48
11.2.1.1. subclassis Concentricyloidea (=zeemdaeliefjes) .................................................. 48
11.2.2. Classis Ophiuroidea (=slangsterren en brokkelsterren) ............................................... 48
11.2.3. Classis Echinoidea (= zee-egels en zanddollars) .......................................................... 48
11.2.4. Classis Crinoidea (=zeelelies en vedersterren) ............................................................ 48
11.2.5. Classis Holothuroidea (=zeekomkommers) ................................................................. 49
12. Fylum Chordata ..................................................................................................................... 50
12.1. Algemene kenmerken van chordadieren ........................................................................ 50
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