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Samenvatting Migratie en Interreligieuze studies
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Week 1Literatuur
S. Castles, “Understanding Global Migration: A Social Transformation
Perspective”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36(2010)10, 1565-1586.
Migration as seen by the society:
Professional mobility: Movements of the higher-skilled
Unwanted migration: Movements of the lower-skilled
Trend of viewing migration as a problem, that needs to be ‘fixed’ by appropriate
politics. Migration seen as harmful and dysfunctional (Sedentary bias).
Social transformation: A fundamental shift in the way society is organized that goes
beyond the continual processes of incremental social change that are always at
works. This implies a ‘step-change’ in which all existing social patterns are questions
and many are reconfigured.
Hagan, Jacqueline Maria, and Holly Straut-Eppsteiner. "Religion on the move: The
place of religion in different stages of the migration experience." Routledge
International Handbook of Migration Studies . Routledge, 2019. 282-293.
Before leaving
o religious practices prior to departure in order to put themselves in
favour with God(s) to ensure a save journey
o Sometimes help from religious leaders.
The journey
o Faith-based organisations (especially Islamic) have become
increasingly involved in humanitarian aid for forced migrants.
Also defending the rights of immigrants and watchdogs of state
politics.
o Individuals turn to religious practices for hope and comfort during their
journeys
S. Castles “International migration at a crossroads”, Citizenship Studies, 18(2014)2,
190-207.
The significance of migration for human security and human development
Beginning of 20th century: Migrants portrayed as a threat to security
o Especially Muslims
Absence of human security in poorer countries poverty, hunger violence
and lack of human rights = result of past colonization and of more recent
imbalances in economic and political power extreme inequality.
Many countries want highly-skilled migrants, but ban lower-skilled migrants;
also in their policies
Globalization and migration
Globalization
, undermines traditional ways of working and living; increased agricultural
productivity displaces people from the land. often move to cities; but there
are many social problems.
leads to social transformation in the economically developed countries:
o New service industry
o Many young people don’t want to work in low-skilled jobs because they
are highly educated.
o Ageing population: workforce is necessary
o Demand for jobs, so they need migrants
Creates cultural and technical conditions for mobility
o Knowledge of migration routes and work opportunities
o Travel is cheaper and easier
o Formation of ‘migration networks’
4 groups of migrants (largest to smallest)
o Global South Global North
o South South
o Rich Rich
o North South
Emerging forms of migration
Temporary and circular migration
Growth of female migration
o Increase in independent females that move
o Many in low-skilled jobs
o Migration for marriage
Growth of forced migration violence and persecution
o Largest number was of internally displaced persons (migration inside
the own country)
o Situation of conflict and violence
o Hard to get asylum in northern countries many migrants become of
illegal status
Other emerging types of migration
o Education
o Lifestyle
o Retirement
o Climate-change-induced displacement
Immigrant concentration
In Europe the share of migrants as part of the total population has increased.
more in western Europe than in eastern Europe.
Large-scale immigration in new industrial countries
o Migrant labour (but temporary)
Migrants settle mainly in large cities
o Because of the network/jobs
‘Culture of emigration’ in origin areas
,Diversity, integration, and multiculturalism
Social remittances: new ideas that are brought in by returnees (to the origin
country) that unsettle traditional practices and hierarchies.
Transnational communities: Groups that live their lives across borders.
o Dual citizenship
Most countries no longer support the idea of multiculturalism Focus more
on integration, belonging and learning the language of the receiving-country.
o Social disadvantage and marginalization of many immigrant groups
especially those of non-European origin.
o Racism colonialism and imperialism
o Increased inequality globalization and economic restructuring
The effects of the global economic crisis on migration
Short-term effects
o Growth of unemployment migrants more affected than natives.
Migrant men more affected than women, especially
manufacturing and construction
o Growth of foreign employment in emerging sectors
o No reduce in forced migration or refugee flows
o Migrant stocks (=het aandeel migranten) have generally not fallen
o Fall of remittances has been rather small
Possible long-term effects
o Unexpected degree of resilience (=veerkracht/weerstand) of migrant
employment
o Increasing hostility towards migrants
o New economic growth new migratory flows
o Shift in economic power from USA to BRICS countries
College 1 Inleiding
Migratie neemt in absolute aantallen toe, maar het blijft altijd ongeveer 3% v.d.
wereldbevolking.
Er is sprake van een soort omkering van de migratiestroom; begin 20 e eeuw: Van
Europa naar elders; in de jaren ’70 draait dit om en neemt de migratie naar Europa
en de VS sterk toe. Groei van de opvatting dat ieder land het recht heeft om te
bepalen wie er wel of niet in zijn land binnenkomt. In de 18 e eeuw mocht iedereen
overal heen, vrij verkeer van mensen.
Vanaf de jaren ’50/’60: Ieder land heeft het recht om te bepalen wie er binnen mag
komen en wie niet. Verandering in het internationaal recht, valt samen met de
verandering in de migratiestromen.
Reizen is veel makkelijker geworden dan vroeger, echter maakt het wel uit waar je
vandaan komt. Zo hebben mensen uit bepaalde landen veel meer hindernissen om
, te reizen dan mensen uit landen zoals Nederland. Qua transport is het inderdaad
makkelijker, maar juridisch/bureaucratisch is dat niet altijd het geval.
Het migratiebeleid is enerzijds soepeler geworden maar anderzijds strenger en dus
ook selectiever, omdat de soepele regels gelden voor bepaalde groepen en de
strengere regels ook voor bepaalde groepen.
Migratie als sociale transformatie
Migratie als probleem
o Een vluchtelingencrisis voor wie was dit een crisis? Bijv.
vluchtelingencrisis van 2015: Ze zagen het niet als crisis voor de
migranten zelf, maar meer als crisis voor hun eigen overheden die geen
migranten wilden opnemen.
o Vanaf de jaren ‘80/’90 steeds sterker als veiligheidsprobleem, bijv.
criminaliteit en de angst voor aanslagen.
o Mobiliteit is onderdeel van grotere veranderingsprocessen, aanleiding en
gevolg van die veranderingsprocessen en een veranderingsproces op
zich.
Castle
Wat is ‘sedentary bias’ en wat is het probleem?
Er wordt uitgegaan van het idee dat migratie (mobiliteit van plek naar plek),
als iets wordt gezien dat afwijkt van de norm en daarom wordt het als iets
slechts gezien. Gaat over mobiliteit over landsgrenzen heen (wordt gezien als
afwijkends).
Methodologisch nationalisme
Aandacht voor de agency van migranten zelf De capaciteit om zelf te kiezen en te
handelen en dat dan binnen bepaalde structuren. Doordat de bias lange tijd was
“migratie als een probleem” kwam de agency van migranten nauwelijks naar voren in
research. Dit is nu wel echt anders.
Met religie geven mensen betekenis aan de wereld om hen heen.
Meeste mensen migreren binnen de eigen regio dankzij hun netwerk, kleinere
afstand die ze moeten overbruggen.
Bahai religie mede tot stand gekomen door migratie.
Religie in beweging
Migratie en religie worden niet vaak in samenhang bekeken; economische en
sociale modellen overheersen
Religie speelt wel een rol, maar de uitkomst staat niet vast:
o Bij de beslissing om te gaan
o Bij de voorbereiding (gebed, raadgeving, financiële steun van het
religieuze netwerk)
o Bij de reis: ondersteuning en zingeving
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