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Samenvatting sociale verandering KU Leuven
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DIrk Houtman
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Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenAcademiejaar 2019-2020
Sociale verandering
1
,Inhoudsopgave
1. Inleiding: sociologie, sociale problemen en moderniteit....................................................................6
1.1 Verlichting, sociologie en positivisme...........................................................................................6
1.2 Modernisering als industrialisering...............................................................................................8
1.3 Een ‘industrialistische’ of ‘sociaaleconomische’ bias in de sociologie..........................................8
1.4 De Verlichting en de moderne politieke ideologieën..................................................................10
2. Modernisering I: Meritocratisering...................................................................................................12
2.1 Het belang van meritocratie in de USA.......................................................................................13
2.1.1 Religieuze achtergrond........................................................................................................13
2.2 De moderne, industriële samenleving als open, meritocratische samenleving..........................14
2.2.1 Meritocratie als ideologie....................................................................................................14
2.3 Meritocratie, sociale stratificatie en sociale mobiliteit, graduele relationele klassenconcepties
..........................................................................................................................................................15
2.4 Culturele reproductietheorieën..................................................................................................17
2.4.1 De verklaring door culturele reproductietheorieën:............................................................17
2.5 Conclusie: meritocratie, sociale stratificatie en sociale mobiliteit..............................................18
3. Modernisering II: secularisering.......................................................................................................19
3.1 De seculariseringstheorie...........................................................................................................19
3.2 Secularisering op 3 niveaus (Dobbelaere)...................................................................................20
3.2.1 Secularisering op macro niveau...........................................................................................20
3.2.2 Secularisering op mesoniveau.............................................................................................21
3.2.3 ‘Laïcisering’ en ‘professionalisering’....................................................................................21
3.2.4 Secularisering op microniveau.............................................................................................22
3.3 Conclusie....................................................................................................................................22
4. Modernisering III: rationalisering.....................................................................................................23
4.1 Formele versus substantiële rationaliteit: de Holocaust.............................................................24
4.2 Rationalisering en McDonaldisering...........................................................................................24
4.3 Rationalisering van arbeidsorganisaties......................................................................................25
4.4 Formele en substantiële rationaliteit van arbeidsorganisaties...................................................25
4.5 Automatisering en robotisering..................................................................................................26
4.6 Rationalisering van arbeidsorganisaties en rationalisering van staat en recht...........................26
4.7 Rationalisering van de verzorging: de verzorgingsstaat..............................................................26
4.7.1 Particulier initiatief (conservatisme)....................................................................................27
4.7.2 Marktgebaseerde verzekeringen (liberalisme)....................................................................27
4.7.3 Verzorgingsstaat (socialisme):.............................................................................................27
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, 4.8. Spanningen tussen formele en substantiële rationaliteit..........................................................29
4.9 De paradox van formele en substantiële rationaliteit in de verzorgingsstaat.........................30
5. Modernisering IV: onttovering..........................................................................................................31
5.1 Webers verklaring van rationalisering........................................................................................31
5.2 Externe rationalisering: opkomst van het moderne, gerationaliseerde kapitalisme..................32
5.2.a Rationalisering van het recht:..............................................................................................33
5.2.b Rationalisering van het overheidsbestuur...........................................................................34
5.2.c Rationalisering als bureaucratie...........................................................................................34
5.3 Interne rationalisering: de Protestantse Reformatie, 16e eeuw.................................................34
5.4 Onttovering van de wereld door religie en wetenschap.............................................................36
5.4.a Onttovering door de wetenschap........................................................................................37
5.5 Het ‘waardenprobleem’ bij Weber.............................................................................................37
5.6 Conclusie (WEBER)......................................................................................................................39
6. Van modernisering naar postmodernisering....................................................................................40
6.1 De Renaissance (15e -16e eeuw)................................................................................................40
6.2 De Renaissance: utopisch denken...............................................................................................41
6.3 Moderniteit volgens Bauman: sociale orde als menselijke opdracht..........................................41
6.3.1 De Renaissance volgens Bauman:........................................................................................41
6.3.2 Renaissance-utopieën als overgang naar de Verlichting......................................................42
6.3.3 Drie kenmerken van moderniteit volgens Bauman:.............................................................42
6.4 Ronald Inglehart: van modernisering naar postmodernisering..................................................43
6.5 Moderniteit en postmoderniteit.................................................................................................44
6.5.1 Morele evaluatie van modernisering...................................................................................45
7. De tegencultuur van de 1960s..........................................................................................................46
7.1 Max Weber.................................................................................................................................46
7.1.2 Weber over rationalisering..................................................................................................46
7.2 De tegencultuur..........................................................................................................................47
7.2.1 De tegencultuur en de technocratie....................................................................................47
7.2.2 Karakterisering van de tegencultuur....................................................................................47
7.2.3 Oorzaken en achtergronden van de tegencultuur...............................................................48
7.2.4 Van tegencultuur naar culturele hoofdstroom....................................................................48
7.2.5 Romantisch onbehagen over moderniteit...........................................................................49
7.2 ‘systeemparanoia’ van de Frankfurter Schule.............................................................................49
7.3 ‘Systeemparanoia’ in de populaire cultuur sinds de 1960s.........................................................50
7.2.a De tegenculturele obsessie met mythen en fantasy fiction.................................................50
7.4 Postmodernisering sinds de tegencultuur van de 1960s............................................................50
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, 8. Postmodernisering I: religie..............................................................................................................52
8.1 Religieuze verandering in West-Europa sinds de 1960s..............................................................52
8.2 Spiritualiteit als ‘geprivatiseerde’ religie.....................................................................................52
8.2.1 Max Weber: twee ideaaltypen van religie...........................................................................53
8.3 Religieuze verandering sinds 1960s............................................................................................54
8.4 Geen algemeen aanvaard wereldbeeld......................................................................................55
8.5 Rol in het publieke domein.........................................................................................................56
8.6 Spiritualiteit als geprivatiseerde religie.......................................................................................57
8.7 Christelijke religie en post-christelijke spiritualiteit....................................................................58
9. Postmodernisering II: wetenschap...................................................................................................59
9.1 Postmodernisering: afnemend gezag van de wetenschap..........................................................59
9.2 Wat zijn de sociale problemen?..................................................................................................60
9.3 Sociale problemen: twee sociologische benaderingen...............................................................61
9.4 Postmodernisering en afnemend gezag van de wetenschap: de 1960s.....................................63
10. Postmodernisering III: arbeid en organisatie..................................................................................65
10.1 De 1960s: tegenculturele kritiek op het bureaucratische organisatiemodel............................65
10.2 Robert Bellah; Expressief individualisme..................................................................................66
10.3 Een nieuwe arbeidsethiek sinds de 1960s?..............................................................................66
10.4 De 1960s: tegenculturele kritiek op het bureaucratische organisatiemodel............................67
10.5 De nieuwe geest van het kapitalisme.......................................................................................68
10.6 Heelas: ‘New Age capitalism’....................................................................................................69
10.7 Conclusie..................................................................................................................................70
11. Postmodernisering IV: politiek........................................................................................................71
11.1 De tegencultuur van de 1960s en het politieke systeem..........................................................71
11.2 Populisme is niet per se rechts.................................................................................................72
11.3 Populisme als ‘buitengewone’ politiek.....................................................................................73
11.4 Personalisering van de politiek.................................................................................................73
11.5 Personalisering en mediatisering..............................................................................................74
11.6 Romantische esthetisering van de politiek...............................................................................74
11.7 Postmodernisering / romantisering van de politiek..................................................................75
12. Postmodernisering V: consumptie..................................................................................................76
12.1 Authenticiteit in de hedendaagse consumptiecultuur..............................................................76
12.2 Product-authenticiteit..............................................................................................................77
12.3 Een blinde sociologische vlek voor consumptiecultuur............................................................78
12.4 Warenfetisjisme (Karl Marx).....................................................................................................78
12.5 Modern consumentenactivisme...............................................................................................78
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