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Samenvatting methoden van gedragswetenschappelijk onderzoek: verdieping
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Samenvatting van methoden van gedragswetenschappelijk onderzoek: kwantitatieve onderzoeksdesigns en kwalitatieve methoden.
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Methoden van gedragswetenschappelijk onderzoek: verdiepingMethoden van gedragswetenschappelijk onderzoek:
verdieping
1 Validiteit ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Typologie en bedreigingen.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Classificatie en bedreigingen van validiteit..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
2 Designs.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................6
2.1 Quasi-experimenten zonder controlegroep ....................................................................................................................................................................................................6
Causale inferentie bij quasi-experimenten ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Soorten designs .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Matching, blocking en stratificatie ........................................................................................................................................................................................................8
Controlegroepen .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................8
Werken met contrasten bij designs zonder controlegroep............................................................................................................................................................9
Case-control design...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................9
2.2 Quasi-experimenten met contolegroep en voormeting ...............................................................................................................................................................................9
Soorten designs ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 10
Taxonomie van quasi-experimenten......................................................................................................................................................................................................11
Is er één ideaal quasi-experimenteel design? ...................................................................................................................................................................................11
2.3 Gerandomiseerde experimenten .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................12
Toevallige toewijzing = randomisering ................................................................................................................................................................................................12
Waarom en hoe werkt randomisering? ...............................................................................................................................................................................................12
Wat wordt er gerandomiseerd? ............................................................................................................................................................................................................12
Soms randomisering niet haalbaar of wenselijk ............................................................................................................................................................................. 13
3 Kwalitatieve onderzoeksbenaderingen ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................14
3.1 Narratieve benadering ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 15
Definitie ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Oorsprong................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Kenmerken .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 15
Types ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 15
Procedures ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 16
Voordelen en uitdagingen ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
3.2 Fenomenologie ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................17
Definitie ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................17
Oorsprong....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................17
Kenmerken ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................17
Types ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 17
Procedures ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................17
Voordelen en uitdagingen ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Astrid De Brabandere
1
, Methoden van gedragswetenschappelijk onderzoek: verdieping
3.3 Grounded theory ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 19
Definitie ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Oorsprong................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Kenmerken .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 19
Types ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 19
Procedures ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 20
Voordelen en uitdagingen ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 20
3.4 Etnografie.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................21
Definitie ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................21
Oorsprong....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................21
Kenmerken ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................21
Types .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................21
Procedures ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 22
Voordelen en uitdagingen ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
3.5 Case study ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Definitie ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Oorsprong.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 23
Kenmerken ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 23
Types ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Procedures ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 24
Voordelen en uitdagingen ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
3.6 5 verschillende benaderingen vergeleken.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 25
4 Ethische overwegingen in kwalitatief onderzoek .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 25
4.1 Relationele ethiek................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 25
4.2 Ethische commissies .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
4.3 Meer dan ‘toegang onderhandelen’ en ‘building rapport’......................................................................................................................................................................... 26
4.4 Informed consent / geïnformeerde toestemming ......................................................................................................................................................................................27
4.5 Onderzoeks-grenzen ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................27
4.6 Transparantie in doelen, verwachingen, processen en rollen .................................................................................................................................................................27
4.7 Vertrouwelijkheid en anonimiteit .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................27
4.8 Ethische dimensies van de onderzoeker als instrument.......................................................................................................................................................................... 28
4.9 Verzet je tegen de binaire tegenstelling expert-lerende ......................................................................................................................................................................... 28
4.10 Ethical collaboration ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 28
4.11 Evenwicht tussen flexibiliteit en nauwgezetheid van het design ............................................................................................................................................................ 28
5 Validiteit: kwaliteitsvol kwalitatief onderzoek .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 29
5.1 Het debat over ‘kwaliteit’ in kwalitatief onderzoek .................................................................................................................................................................................... 29
5.2 Kwaliteit/Validiteit: algemene opmerkingen ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 29
5.3 Criteria voor kwaliteit .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 29
Astrid De Brabandere
2
, Methoden van gedragswetenschappelijk onderzoek: verdieping
5.4 Types validiteit ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 29
5.5 Strategieën ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 29
Triangulatie................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 29
Validering door participanten (aka “member checks”)................................................................................................................................................................ 29
Strategisch sequentiëren van methodes.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
Thick description...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
Dialogic engagement............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
Multiple coding.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
Gestructureerde reflexiviteit ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
(Mixed methods)....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
5.6 Rigoureusheid en validiteit in kwalitatief onderzoek ........................................................................................................................................................................... 30
6 4 filosofische visies op wetenschap ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31
7 Mixed methods ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 33
7.1 Visies op de relatie tussen kwantitatieve en kwalitatieve methoden ................................................................................................................................................... 36
7.2 Keuzes van methode wordt bepaald ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
Astrid De Brabandere
3
, Methoden van gedragswetenschappelijk onderzoek: verdieping
1 Validiteit
Voorbeeld: Slimme Hans = paard waarvan werd beweerd dat het kon rekenen
Kunstjes: eenvoudige optelsommen (bv. 5+3= en dan stampte hij 8 keer op de grond)
Nagaan waarop deze theorie werd gebaseerd, fraude?
Oscar was psycholoog die experimenten opzette en conclusie maakte
Onderzocht paard alleen, zonder publiek en baasje
Nog altijd veel juiste resultaten
Concludeerde: gebruik maken van onbewuste aanwijzingen (gelaatsuitdrukking, lichaamstaal)
Mensen geneigd met kleine knik om hoofd op te tillen bij juist antwoord
Truckjes aanleren met juist getal onthouden
Stelde validiteit van uitspraak in vraag, ‘dit specifiek paard’
Alternatieve verklaringen uitsluiten
1.1 Typologie en bedreigingen
Validiteit (geldigheid) → de mate waarin een uitspraak / inferentie de waarheid benadert
- Het gaat over “een mate waarin”; de waarheid wordt slechts “benaderd”
- Het gaat over uitspraken / inferenties; niet over proefopzetten of methoden
- Geen enkele methode is superieur; het gaat over afwegen van verschillende types van validiteit gekoppeld aan de context en de doelstellingen
van het onderzoek
- Er bestaan geen sterke en zwakke designs
In deze theorie is validiteit gekoppeld aan Waarheid
- Correspondentie met de observeerbare werkelijkheid vb. “Het regent”
- Coherentie verzameling van uitspraken, dit al waarheid beschouwd, fysiologische kenmerken, passend binnen geheel van resultaten (van eerdere
onderzoeken) vb. “Het roken van cannabis veroorzaakt kanker”
- Nuttigheid, Uitspraak is waar als het nuttig en kan naar gewerkt worden, het werkt vb. “Elektronen bestaan”
- Sociale constructie, Invloed van sociale en psychologische factoren op de consensusvorming
Campbell (1957)
Interne validiteit Externe validiteit
“did in fact the experimental stimulus make some significant difference in “to what populations, settings, treatment variables, and measurement
this specific instance?“ variables can this effect be generalized?”
Antwoord geven op de vraag of er een significante verandering is Theorie van validiteit uitbreiden met andere zaken, zoals populaties,
→ onder controle door randomisering (invloed van Fisher in de jaren contexten, variabelen…
’50) → niet onder controle door randomisering
Intern versus extern ≠ laboratorium versus veld
1.2 Classificatie en bedreigingen van validiteit
Algemene bedreigingen
= de specifieke redenen waarom we gedeeltelijk of volledig verkeerd kunnen zijn als we een inferentie maken
= veel voorkomende alternatieve verklaringen
- Bedreigingen van de statistische conclusie validiteit en de interne validiteit:
- Bedreigingen van de constructvaliditeit en de externe validiteit
→ Proberen om rekening te houden met de bedreigingen (“rule them out”) door middel van design controls (niet zozeer statistical adjustments = post
hoc) = proberen onder controle krijgen
→ Indien niet mogelijk, dan drie vragen:
(1) Op welke manier is de bedreiging toepasselijk in dit geval?
(2) Is er evidentie dat de bedreiging plausibel is (en niet enkel mogelijk)?
(3) Werkt de bedreiging in dezelfde richting als het geoberverveerde effect zodat het een gedeeltelijke of volledige verklaring van het geobserveerde
effect kan bieden?
→ De bedreiging “meten”
Astrid De Brabandere
4
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