A&P 2 Lab 5- Blood Types
Key Terms
● Antigen- protein, glycoprotein, or glycolipid. Genetically unique to
each individual except identical twins. Found on surface of red blood
cells and determine what blood type we have. Help the body
distinguish foreign matter that enters blood stream. ...
or glycolipid genetically unique to each individual except identical twins found on surface of red blood cells and determin
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Comprehensive Health Assessment Final Exam Study Guide – Fall 2021
Welcome to your Final Exam Study Guide! Made specifically for Fall 2021 Comprehensive
Health Assessment Students �
Tips: This document is meant to be used as a guide for your preparations for your Final Exam.
As you work through each chapter, spend extra time focusing on the questions and content that is
contained in this study guide.
It is also suggest that each student complete the study guide on their own. Now – your faculty are
all about working smarter not harder and group study sessions. BUT – we will tell you, that if
you spend time going through the book, reading and looking up answers on your own, well, you
will be more familiar with that content and know it better. The student who does the entire study
guide and e-mails it off to everyone else – it is THAT student who seems to always perform so
well!! There is something to be said for the time spent looking up answers and processing the
content – not just memorizing.
If you have any questions while you are working through this study guide – don’t hesitate to
reach out! � You’re welcome for the page numbers. �
Vital Signs & Pain
Know the differences between the various routes via which temperature is assessed. (p. 30)
a. Axillary (armpit)
i. Place probe in the middle of axilla
ii. Poorly reflects core temperature (not close to any major blood vessels)
iii. Temperatures are 1 degree lower than oral temperatures
b. Tympanic – temperatures are obtained by placing a probe into ear; studies have shown
widely varying results
i. Measures tympanic membrane temperature
ii. Probe is covered and placed inside external ear canal with firm but gentle pressure
iii. Probe must come into contact with all sides of the ear canal (can affect accuracy)
iv. Tug helix of ear downward for infants/children
v. Tug helix of ear upward for adults
vi. Impacted cerumen can interfere with measurement
c. Temporal (forehead)– utilizes infrared technology; studies demonstrate a high level of
accuracy
i. Uses infrared technology to measure temporal artery temperature
ii. Place in center of forehead, depress button and slide along hairline and behind ear
then release button
iii. Non-invasive and shows high level of accuracy in children and critically ill adults
d. Oral (mouth)
i. Acceptable for ages 5-adult (hold probe for children)
ii. In adults- smoking, eating, and drinking can impact for 10 minutes
iii. Place in posterior sublingual pocket
iv. Measures temperature of carotid artery
, Comprehensive Health Assessment Final Exam Study Guide – Fall 2021
v. Takes approximately 15-30 seconds
vi. Pacifier thermometers for infants
e. Rectal – best measurement of core body temperature
i. Last resort in children for fear and potential rectal problems
ii. Position children in side-lying position with knees flexed
iii. Lube probe and insert max of 2.5 cm (less for newborns and young infants)
f. Pediatric patients newborn-5 years old use axillary, temporal, and tympanic
Describe the different classifications of pain: (p.60)
a. Somatic Pain – arises from the stimulation of nerves within structures such as bone, joint,
muscle, skin, and connective tissue
a. Results from activation of normal neural systems
b. Visceral Pain – arises from the stimulation of nerves within the thoracic, pelvic or
abdominal viscera
a. With visceral pain, it may be the person may feel the pain in an area away from
the tissue injury or disease due to visceral organs not having pain receptors
i. As a results, when sensory nerves carrying pain impulses from visceral
organs enter the spinal cord, they stimulate sensory nerves from
unaffected organs found in the same spinal cord segment as the nerves
where tissue injury or disease is located
c. Referred Pain – a person feeling pain in an area away from the tissue injury or disease
a. Gallbladder in the right shoulder
b. Heart attack in the left shoulder, arm, or jaw
d. Neuropathic Pain – occurs from an abnormal processing of sensory input by the central or
peripheral nervous system
a. Centrally generated pain may occur after an injury to the peripheral nervous
system, such as phantom pain from an amputated limb or an injury to the central
nervous system, such as burning pain below a spinal cord lesion
b. Peripherally generated pain may be felt along the distribution of many peripheral
nerves (polyneuropathy), such as with diabetic neuropathy or along the
distribution of a single peripheral nerve, such as a nerve root compression
Describe the difference between pain threshold and pain tolerance (p.60)
a. Pain Threshold – the point of which a stimulus is perceived as pain
a. Does not vary significantly over time
b. Pain Tolerance – the duration or intensity of pain that a person endures or tolerates before
responding outwardly
a. Decreases with repeated exposure to pain, fatigue, anger, boredom, apprehension,
and sleep deprivation
b. Increase after alcohol consumption, medication, hypnosis, warmth, and distracting
activities, and as a result of strong beliefs
, Comprehensive Health Assessment Final Exam Study Guide – Fall 2021
How do nurses assess pain? (Chapter 6)
a. Numeric rating scale
a. Rate your pain from 0-10; 0 being no pain and 10 being the worst pain
b. Faces pain scale
a. 0-10; 0 being a happy face and 10 being a sad, crying face
Describe the average vital sign ranges for heart rate, respiratory rate and blood pressure
throughout the life span. Include the newborn, toddler, school-age child, adolescent and adult.
(p. 45)
Describe the process (including differences in techniques) when conducting an assessment of
the infant/child/adolescent and adult for the following: (p.421-423)
a. Temperature (all methods)
a. Recommended approaches for temperature measurement in newborns, infants and
children up to age 5 are axillary, tympanic membrane and temporal artery sites
b. Oral temperature measurement using an electronic thermometer is permissible
with older children, but the nurse must be sure that the probe is held correctly in
the mouth
i. Thermometer in the mouth, under the tongue, with the mouth closed
c. To take a tympanic measurement in a child >3 years of age, pull down on the
earlobe to straighten the ear canal
d. To take a tympanic measure in a child >3 years of age, pull up on the ear to
straighten the canal
e. To take a temporal artery measurement, place cover on the probe and then place
the probe on the center of the child’s forehead; after depressing the scan button,
the nurse slides the probe across the forehead into the hairline and behind the ear
while keeping the probe in contact with the skin
f. Rectal temperatures should be taken as a last resort due to the child’s fear of
invasive procedure and the risk of rectal perforation
i. Preferred method for febrile children
ii. Convenient position for a child is a side-lying position with knees flexed
toward the abdomen
1. This position is maintained with one of the nurse’s hands while the
lubricated thermometer is held in the rectum at a max of 2.5 cm
b. Heart Rate
a. HR and RR are assessed for the same qualities as in the adult
, Comprehensive Health Assessment Final Exam Study Guide – Fall 2021
i. Heart and respiratory rhythm; depth of respiration
b. This assessment should take place when the infant or child is quiet, using a
pediatric stethoscope
i. The nurse listens to the apical pulse for a full minute and counts
respirations before proceeding
c. Respiratory Rate
a. Counted using inspection the same way as for adults; however, infants and
children usually breathe diaphragmatically, which requires observation of
abdominal movement
i. Respirations of an infant are counted for a full minute because an infant’s
respiratory rate may be irregular as a normal variation
d. Blood Pressure (including Orthostatic blood pressure)
a. Should occur with every health visit for all children over the age of 3
b. For an accurate blood pressure reading, the nurse must use the appropriate cuff
size
i. The cuff size is determined by arm circumference measured at the middle
of the arm
c. Measurements may be taken on the arm or leg of infants and younger children
d. Blood pressure standards for children ages 1-17 are based on gender, age, and
height
e. Pain
a. Wong-Baker FACES pain rating scale (pediatric)
b. Numeric rating scale
c. Faces pain scale
Health History
Describe the differences between subjective and objective data. Provide examples of each type
of data. (p.1)
a. Subjective data – data collected during an interview that is perceived and reported by the
patient (primary source data)
a. Includes info about the patient’s current state of health, current medications,
previous illnesses and surgeries, a family hx, personal and psychosocial hx, and
review of symptoms
b. Ex: Pain, itching, nausea (symptoms)
b. Objective data – data that is observed, felt, heard, or measured by the nurse
a. Ex: rash, enlarged lymph nodes, swelling of an extremity (signs)
Describe what types of data go in each of the following sections on the Adult, Pediatric,
Adolescent and Older Adult Health History. Is it subjective or objective?
a. Biographic data (subjective)
a. Name and preferred name
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