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Summary Respiration Revision Notes Biology A2-2
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Completed revision notes that go by the A-Level Geography specification for CCEA
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Respiration: Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water
Glycolysis:
Glycolysis takes place in anaerobic and aerobic conditions through
substrate phosphorylation
Located in Cytoplasm
Uses ATP to convert glucose into fructose bisphosphate which is
unstable and so breaks into x2 triose phosphate
Hydrogen is removed from TP to convert it into x2 pyruvate. The
hydrogen is transferred to a coenzyme called NAD to form reduced NAD
4 ATP are formed (2 net ATP)
Link Reaction:
Located in mitochondrial matrix and aerobic conditions
a carbon atom is removed from pyruvate, forming carbon dioxide-
converting pyruvate into a two-carbon molecule called acetate.
Hydrogen is also removed from pyruvate in the conversion into acetate,
which is picked up by the coenzyme NAD to form reduced NAD.
The acetate is combined with coenzyme A (CoA) to form acetyl CoA.
Since one glucose molecule is converted into 2x pyruvate, the link
reaction happens twice for every glucose molecule
Krebs Cycle:
Located in mitochondrial matrix and aerobic conditions
Acetyl CoA from the link reaction reacts with a four-carbon molecule
(oxaloacetate).
The coenzyme A portion of acetyl CoA is removed and returns to the link
reaction to be reused
A 6-carbon molecule (citrate) is produced.
Carbon and hydrogen are removed from citrate, forming carbon dioxide
and reduced NAD = converted into a 5-carbon compound.
Decarboxylation and dehydrogenation occur once more, which converts
the 5-carbon compounds into the 4-carbon molecule (oxaloacetate) which
we started with.
Products: ATP, 2 molecules of reduced NAD, one molecule of FAD and carbon dioxide
Cycle occurs twice (x2 pyruvate/x2 acetyl coenzyme a)
Electron Transport Chain (oxidative Phosphorylation):
Located in the inner mitochondrial membrane within cristae and in aerobic conditions
The coenzymes reduced NAD and reduced FAD release hydrogen atoms which split into hydrogen
ions and electrons.
The electrons pass along carriers (NAD, FAD, Coenzyme Q, Cytochrome B, C, A), each at
progressively lower energy levels.
This energy is used by the carriers to pump hydrogen ions from the mitochondrial matrix across the
inner membrane.
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