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10TH JUNE - CPSL 142 TEST PREP- Balanced bilinguals
knowing L1 and L2 equally
- Dominant bilingual
knowing one Language more than the other
- Early bilingual
L2 is acquired before the
age of 6
- Late bilingual
L2 is acquired after the
age of 12
- Adult bilingual
L2 is acquired after puberty
- Compound bilingual
Both LI in the context / environment / one concept two words ]
↳ Eg .
both parents are bilingual
and L2 are acquired same
-
- Coordinate bilingual
social
settings [ one
11
11 and L2 are acquired in different contexts or concept associated with L1 and another with L2 ] ↳ Eg . Speaking at home
and L2 at school
- Subordinate bilingual
Learning 12
through the use of L1
1. What is bilingualism?
The ability to understand and speak 2 or more languages
2. All languages are localised in the same area in the (Left/Right) hemisphere. The same (macro-/
micro-) anatomy.
3. Different languages are represented by different cortical networks within the same area. The same
(macro-/micro-) anatomy.
4. In 1978 Martin Albert + Loraine Obler suggest that language processing is (less/more) lateralised* in
bilingual speakers. [*how symmetrically represented language is in both hemispheres]
5. The left hemisphere deals with (grammatical aspects/ pragmatics).
6. The right hemisphere deals with (grammatical aspects/ pragmatics).
7. Depending on the proficiency, bilinguals make more use of (pragmatics/ grammatical elements) in
comprehending an *L2 [*2nd language], compensating for gaps in their (grammatical/pragmatic)
knowledge.
8. Processing a L2 activates brain areas associated with?
Explicit knowledge and executive control
9. The above areas include what 4 areas?
Hippocampus ,
Frontal Lobes , Basal Ganglia ,
Anterior
cingulate cortex
↳ esp .
the caudate
10. Why is the executive control network trained and maintained by using more than one language?
selecting a language involves *
conflict resolution [ Li and Li are in competition]
. the executive control system is responsible for
planning multitasking and conflict resolution therefore the executive control centre
.✓•
,
is trained and maintained
through bilingualism
, 11. What are the cognitive benefits of multilingualism?
network → More robust and efficient
0 exec .
Control
0 Slows down cognitive decline
0 Later onset of dementia
0 Potentially a higher density of grey matter
12. What is selective aphasia?
only is affected
one language
13. What is parallel recovery?
Both are affected and restored to the same extent
languages
14. What is dissociated recovery?
The tan to different extents
gauges recover
15. What is selective recovery?
Recovery of only one
Language
16. What is differential recovery?
is recovered better than the other
one language
17. What is successive recovery?
the of one language follows the other
recovery
18. What is antagonistic recovery?
while other recovers
one language regresses the
19. What is alternating antagonism?
The
language that is available changes over time / some ]
cases
20. What is mixed/blending recovery?
Patient mixes and speak time
two
languages can no longer one
language at a
21. What is differential aphasia?
showing signs of more than one
type of Aphasia
22. What is psycho-linguistics?
The
study of
language is processed in the mind or brain
23. What is encoding?
the production of language
24. What is decoding?
the comprehension of
language
25. How are encoding and decoding the same?
' '
when we hear something ,
we pretend that WE ARE THE SPEAKER and then use the same processes that we'd use when producing language
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