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Human rights - OCR Paper 2
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Detailed notes on human rights for paper 2 OCR a level geography. All the content which you need for your exams.
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Human Rights, What is Human Rights?
- The basic rights and freedoms to which all human beings are entitled. They’re applicable at all times and in all places and they protect
everyone equally, without discrimmination
- United Nations Office of the High Commissioner states ‘Their denial is not only an individual and personal tragedy, but also creates
conditions of social and political unrest, sowing the seeds of violence and conflict within and between societies and nations’
THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (UDHR)
● Adopted by United Nations General Assembly in 10th December 1948 - there are 30
● UN: In 1941 due to the Atlantic Charter policy statement issued during WW2. Stated the ideal goals of post war e.g. no territorial
aggrandizement and self-determination. Supporters of AC, signed the Declaration by the UN in 1942 (basis of UN).
● The UN enabled decolonisation and post war independence
● Global initiative to prevent declining political stability = less economically prosperous = impacts trade and interdependency
● UDHR aim: never repeat atrocities of World Wars
● Bill of rights was agreed and signed by 1948. Included debates to ensure it was not only supporting Western ideals and values
HOWEVER:
They have not been adhered to uniformly
Violations of human rights has occurred in advanced and developing countries and with different scales e.g. child labour, trafficking,
genocide
Globalisation = Transnational integration and increased mobility = strengthens protection of HR
- This has enhanced the ability of civil society to work across borders and promote HR
- On the other hand, enabled some organisations to gain power and perpetrate violence
Geographical patterns of socio- economic inequality is associated with inequalities in HR e.g. MDGs is human rights led
, Examples of UDHR
ARTICLE 1: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights
ARTICLE 2: Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this declaration without distinction of any kind such as race,
colour sex, language, religions, political, origin, property or birth
ARTICLE 3: Right to life, liberty and security of person
ARTICLE 4: No one shall be held in slavery or servitude
ARTICLE 5: No one should be subjected to torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment
ARTICLE 9: No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile
ARTICLE 11: Everyone has the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty
ARTICLE 13: Everyone has the freedom of movement between countries, and return to their home country
ARTICLE 15: Everyone has the right to a nationality and should not be denied the right to change it or be deprived of that nationality
ARTICLE 18: Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion
ARTICLE 19: Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression
ARTICLE 22: Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, right to equal pay for equal work, right to join trade unions
ARTICLE 25: Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well being of himself and his family
ARTICLE 26: Everyone has the right to education - compulsory and available and strengthen fundamental freedoms
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