* Describes the pattern of phenotypic expression of a single genotype across a range of environments
** Phenotypes that vary continuously as opposed to discretely identifiable phenotypes and gene-products
Trade-offs:
“An individual’s traits are dependent on its environment”
Investing in a trait has a cost (Currency: fitness expressed as the expenditure of energy)
Variation between traits between individuals always comes with trade-offs.
(e.g. Energy spent on defensive adaptations cannot be spent on growth)
Lineage specific effects:
“Variability is limited by the construction plan of taxa”
(e.g. snakes always lay eggs (Oviparous), the European viper (Vipera berus) is birth alive by
hatching eggs inside of the mother)
, Summary:
Eat; not being eaten, Grow, develop, learn and reproduce
Anything with energy stored, will be utilized sooner or later
Variation is self-perpetuating
Limitation of the building plan vs. forces adaptation
The balance between income (food) and expenditure (life-history traits)
Phenotypical plasticity, reaction norm and genetical basis
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