An easy-to-follow and comprehensive guide of all concepts tested in Paper 1, focusing on language elements, comprehension skills and visual literacy. These notes are applicable to helping you master Grade 10, 11 and 12 IEB English HL.
,Parts of Speech:
Noun:
naming word of ordinary things
Proper noun: names of people, places etc.
Collective noun: names for collection or group
Abstract noun: names for non-visible or non-tangible things - emotions, etc.
Compound noun: noun made up of 2/+ words (not prefixes) joined with a hyphen
Pronoun:
stands in the place of a noun
Demonstrative: this, that, these, those, etc.
Interrogative: who, when, which, to whom, why, etc.
Reflexive: myself, yourself, himself,etc.
Personal: I, she, he, they, you, etc.
Indefinite: one, someone, everyone, etc.
Possessive: mine, his, hers, etc.
Adjective:
describing words
Proper: proper noun used as adjective
Possessive: shows belonging to
Interrogative: which, whose, etc.
Compound: adjectives 2/+ joined a hyphen
of Order: first, second, third
of Number: too many, few, each
Verb:
action / doing words
- Finite: able to stand alone
- Non- finite : infinitive: to (verb) - keep in mind a split infinitive is an error.
present participle: (verb) +ing
- could be used as a noun (gerund) or adjective
past participle: (verb) +ed
- Linking: joins subject to predicate + joins noun to adjective
- Auxiliary: helping verbs (can be with participle = finite verb)
- Intransitive: there's an indirect object of verb
- Transitive: there's a direct object of verb
Criteria of finite verbs:
- Subject ( singular / plural )
- Number ( 1st, 2nd or 3rd person)
- Tense ( when it happened )
, 3 types of finite verbs:
Action Auxiliary Linking
2 types of action verbs:
Transitive Intransitive
3 types of non-finite verbs:
Present participle Past participle Infinitive
Interjection:
an exclamation of intense emotion
Adverbs :
modifies/describes a verb/adjective or even another adverb
- Place: here, far, nearby, etc.
- Manner: slowly, quickly, beautifully
- Degree: very, too, barely, somewhat
- Time: now, later, soon, tomorrow
- Frequency: always, never, once, sometimes
Conjunctions:
joins phrases and clauses
- Coordinating: F A N B O Y S (beware of and)
- Subordinating: the rest
Preposition:
relates two words or phrases together
- Place: where something is: inside, near, under, etc.
- Direction: where something is going: left, to, past, through
- Time: when something happens: during, until, before
- Relationship: with, by, etc.
Article:
proceeds nouns and adjectives
- Indefinite: ‘a’ or ‘an’
- Definite: ‘the’
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