Summary Why had international peace collapsed by 1939?
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Cambridge IGCSE and O Level History 2nd Edition: Option B
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Why had international peace collapsed by 1939?
Hitler and the treaty of Versailles:
Terms of the Treaty of What Hitler did and when The reasons he gave for The response from britain
Versailles his action and France
Germany’s armed forces to be 1933 - increase German Because other nations Britain had some sympathy
severely limited armed forces. refused to disarm. The with Germany over this issue.
1935 - Military rally collapse of the Britain believed the
celebrating German armed disarmament conference in restrictions were too tight.
forces. 1934 showed this. The permitted forces weren’t
1936 - Reintroduced enough to defend Germany
conscription. from attack and a strong
Germany was a good buffer
against communism.
Britain signed a naval
agreement in 1935 that
allowed Germany to build up its
navy up to 35% of Britains.
The Rhineland to be a March 1936 - moved France and the USSR had Britain felt that it had the
demilitarised zone troops into the Rhineland just made an agreement to right to station his troops in
protect each other if the Rhineland and he was
Germany attacked either fairly confident that Britain
of them. Hitler used this wouldn’t intervene. His gamble
agreement to claim that was over France.
Germany was under threat. The French were about to hold
He argued that under an election and none of the
threat, he should be French leaders were prepared
allowed to place his troops to take responsibility for
on his own frontier plunging France into a war.
Overall France refused to act
without Britain's support.
Germany forbidden to unite with Hitler encouraged the Stated that only Anchluss Schuschnigg appealed to
austria stromg Nazi party in could sort out the Britain and France when Hitler
Austria to stir up trouble. problems Austria faced began to mention Anschluss
He then states to (that he created). again, but Britain and France
Australian Chancellor Sent troops in to have a failed to provide any support.
Schuschnigg that only “trouble free” plebiscite Britain felt that it was the
Anchluss could sort out when really just wanted to Autrians and Germans right to
these problems. scare people into voting to be united and that the Treaty
When the plebiscite was join germany. was wrong to separate them.
being held, he sent his Chamberlain increased
troops into Austria in Britain’s rearmament spending
march 1938. further still and made plans
for compulsory military service
and the preparation of air-raid
defences.
The Sudetenland taken into the In May 1938 Hitler made The Czechoslovakian state On 15 September Chamberlain
new state of Czechoslovakia it clear that he intended contained a large number flew to meet Hitler to discuss
to fight Czechoslovakia if of Germans - former the Sudetenland. Chamberlain
, necessary. subjects of the Austria- agreed that this was another
On 15 September Hitler Hungary’s empire - in the one of the terms of the
moderated his demands Sudetenland. Treaty of Versailles that
and said he only wanted needed to be addressed and
parts of the Sudetenland. Claimed that the Czech believed that if he gave this to
Three days after the government was Hitler, he would finally be
meeting, however, Hitler mistreating the Germans in satisfied.
increased his demands and the Sudetenland and that Chamberlain disagreed with
said the previously he intended to ‘rescue’ hitler’s new resolutions and
arranged terms weren’t them. said they were ‘unreasonable’.
enough. The British navy was
mobilised.
29 September Britain, France,
Germany, Italy decided to give
Germany what it wanted, the
Sudetenland. They didn’t
consult the Czechs or the
USSR. This became known as
the Munich agreement.
Polish corridor given to Poland 1 September 1939 Hitler The strip of land was On 3rd September, Britain and
invaded Poland. former German territory France kept their pledge to
He made a more secure poland and declared war on
environment for himself by Hitler.
making the Nazi-Soviet
Pact with Stalin in August
1939. It was an agreement
to not attack each other
and share Poland with each
other. This allowed him to
not have to fight a war on
two fronts and it gave him
confidence to defy the
orders of Britain and
France and attack Poland.
3.1 What were the consequences of the failure of the League in the
1930’s?
Events? How did it impact Hitler’s actions?
The Manchurian Crisis Hitler recognised that he couldn’t be controlled by the League
of Nations if he withdrew. So, he left. He did this specifically
when no other countries agreed to disarm to the extent that
Germany had been forced to. The league was powerless if a
strong nation decided to pursue an aggressive policy and
invaded its neighbours. Japan had committed blatant
aggression and had gotten away with it.
Failure of Disarmament Hitler made a great public display of his desire to not rearm
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