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Samenvatting kwalitatief onderzoek
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Inhoudhoofdstuk 1 Kenmerken en kwaliteitseisen..........................................................................................................................................4
1.1 voorbeelden kwalitatief onderzoek en onderzoeksmethoden...................................................................................................4
1.2 kenmerken van kwalitatief onderzoek........................................................................................................................................5
1.2.1 De vraagstelling en het doel van het onderzoek.................................................................................................................5
1.2.2 Onderzoekdesign..................................................................................................................................................................5
1.2.3 Dataverzamelingsmethode..................................................................................................................................................5
1.2.4 Analyse.................................................................................................................................................................................5
1.2.5 Rapportering........................................................................................................................................................................6
1.3 Kwaliteitsvereisten bij kwalitatief onderzoek.............................................................................................................................7
1.3.1 betrouwbaarheid – afhankelijkheid (zijn resultaten afhankelijk van onderzoeker?...........................................................8
1.3.2 Validiteit – geloofwaardigheid.............................................................................................................................................8
1.3.3 Generaliseerbaarheid – overdraagbaarheid........................................................................................................................9
Hoofdstuk 2 Ethische principes van onderzoeek met mensen.............................................................................................................9
2.1 ethiek vs deontologie..................................................................................................................................................................9
2.1.1 ethiek in onderzoek..............................................................................................................................................................9
2.1 Regelgeving...............................................................................................................................................................................10
2.1.1 Regelgeving Deontologische code psychologisch consulent- 1/1/2017............................................................................10
2.1.2 Europese privacywetgeving, de General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) of in het Nederlands. de Algemene
Verordening Gegevensbescherming (AVG) – 5/2018.................................................................................................................10
2.1.3 Regelgeving Wet inzake medische experimenten op de menssleijke persoon – 7/5/’04.................................................10
2.1.4 Nederlandse gedragscode wetenschappelijke integriteit – 2018.....................................................................................11
2.2 Ethische basisprincipes bij psychologisch onderzoek...............................................................................................................11
2.2.1 Eerlijkheid...........................................................................................................................................................................11
2.2.2 zorgvuldig...........................................................................................................................................................................11
2.2.3 Transparantie.....................................................................................................................................................................11
2.2.4 Onafhankelijkheid..............................................................................................................................................................11
2.2.5 verantwoordelijkheid.........................................................................................................................................................12
2.3 Extra voorwaarden bij onderzoek met mensen........................................................................................................................12
2.4 Extra voorwaarden bij sociaal gevoelig onderzoek...................................................................................................................12
Hoofdstuk 3 Interview en focusgroepen.............................................................................................................................................13
3.1 Wat is een interview?................................................................................................................................................................13
3.1.1 soorten kwalitatieve interviews.........................................................................................................................................14
3.1.2 Kenmerken van het kwalitatieve interview.......................................................................................................................14
2.5 Het interview voorbereiden......................................................................................................................................................14
2.5.1 Vragenprotocollen en topiclijsten......................................................................................................................................15
2.5.2 Soorten vragen in het interview........................................................................................................................................15
2.5.3 Toestemming krijgen voor het interview...........................................................................................................................18
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, 2.5.4 De ruimtelijke organisatie van een interview....................................................................................................................18
2.6 Het interview uitvoeren............................................................................................................................................................18
2.6.1 mogelijke valstrikken.........................................................................................................................................................18
2.6.2 Afronden van het interview...............................................................................................................................................19
2.7 Na het interview........................................................................................................................................................................19
2.7.1 Het methodologisch verslag...............................................................................................................................................19
2.7.2 interviewtranscript.............................................................................................................................................................20
hoofdstuk 4 FOcusgroep.....................................................................................................................................................................20
4.1 Wat is een focusgroep?.............................................................................................................................................................20
4.1.1 Doel van focusgroep..........................................................................................................................................................20
4.1.2 Wie in focusgroep?............................................................................................................................................................21
4.1.3 Grootte van de focusgroep................................................................................................................................................21
4.1.4 Aantal focusgroepen..........................................................................................................................................................21
4.2 De moderator............................................................................................................................................................................21
4.3 De focusgroep voorbereiden....................................................................................................................................................21
4.3.1 Soorten vragentechnieken voor een focusgroep..............................................................................................................22
4.3.2 Types van deelnemers.......................................................................................................................................................24
4.3.3 Praktsche organisatie focusgroep......................................................................................................................................24
4.4 De focusgroep uitvoeren...........................................................................................................................................................24
4.4.1 De introductie van het gesprek..........................................................................................................................................24
4.4.2 Moderatortechnieken tijdens het gesprek........................................................................................................................25
4.4.3 Mogelijke valstrikken tijdens een focusgroep...................................................................................................................25
4.4.3 Take home..........................................................................................................................................................................25
Hoofdstuk 5 Observeren.....................................................................................................................................................................25
5.1 Alledaags en professioneel observeren....................................................................................................................................25
5.1.1 doelen van observaties......................................................................................................................................................25
5.1.2 Verschil tussen alledaags en beroepsgericht observeren..................................................................................................25
5.1.3 Overeenkomsten tussen professioneel en alledaags observeren.....................................................................................26
5.1.4 Observeren als waarnemingsproces..................................................................................................................................26
5.1.5 Waarom observeren?........................................................................................................................................................26
5.1.6 Observeren in de beroepscontext.....................................................................................................................................26
5.1.7 Wanneer niet observeren?................................................................................................................................................26
5.1.8 wanneer wel observeren?..................................................................................................................................................26
5.1.9 Wat observeren..................................................................................................................................................................27
5.1.10 Relatie onderliggende psychologische eigenschap - waarneembare gedrag..................................................................27
5.2 Observatiesystemen..................................................................................................................................................................27
5.2.1 Observatievraag.................................................................................................................................................................27
5.2.2 Observatie op macroniveau (molair).................................................................................................................................28
5.2.3 Observatie op microniveau (moleculair)...........................................................................................................................28
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, 5.2.4 Hoe observeren?................................................................................................................................................................28
5.2.5 Wat precies observeren?...................................................................................................................................................29
5.2.6 Op welke manier kan ik observatiegedrag meten?...........................................................................................................29
5.2.7 Hulpmiddelen bij registratie..............................................................................................................................................29
5.3 Cognitieve en emotionele bias in gedragsobservatie...............................................................................................................30
5.3.1 aandacht.............................................................................................................................................................................30
5.3.2 Heuristiek van de subjectiviteit van de waarneming.........................................................................................................30
5.3.3 Cognitieve en emotionele bias in de gedragsinterpretatie...............................................................................................30
5.3.4 observatiefouten................................................................................................................................................................31
5.4 Uitwerken van een observatieplan...........................................................................................................................................31
5.4.1 afbakenin van de observatievraag.....................................................................................................................................31
Hoofdstuk 6 Kwalitatieve data-analyse...............................................................................................................................................32
6.1 verschillende benaderingen voor kwalitatieve data-analyse...................................................................................................32
6.1.1 Grounded theory................................................................................................................................................................33
6.1.2 Alternatieve benaderingen om data te analyseren...........................................................................................................33
6.2 FAsen van de data-analyse........................................................................................................................................................33
6.2.1 Tekstbestand van gegevens...............................................................................................................................................34
6.2.2 Schrappen van niet-relevante tekst...................................................................................................................................34
6.2.3 Relevante tekst opsplitsen in fragmenten.........................................................................................................................35
6.2.4 Open coderen.....................................................................................................................................................................35
6.2.5 Axiaal coderen....................................................................................................................................................................37
6.2.7 Selectief coderen................................................................................................................................................................38
Hoofdstuk 7 Rapporteren...................................................................................................................................................................40
7.1 Richtlijnen om te rapporteren..................................................................................................................................................40
7.1.1 Voorbereiding....................................................................................................................................................................40
7.1.2 Stijlvereisten.......................................................................................................................................................................40
7.1.3 Taal.....................................................................................................................................................................................40
7.2 Onderdelen van een wetenschappelijke publicatie..................................................................................................................41
7.2.1 Inleiding..............................................................................................................................................................................41
7.2.2 Methode.............................................................................................................................................................................41
7.2.3 Resultaten..........................................................................................................................................................................43
7.2.4 Discussie.............................................................................................................................................................................45
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, HOOFDSTUK 1 KENMERKEN EN KWALITEITSEISEN
1.1 VOORBEELDEN KWALITATIEF ONDERZOEK EN ONDERZOEKSMETHODEN
- Verschillende methoden en benaderingen mogelijk
- Gemeenschappelijke “genen”
- Hoe “interpreteren”, “zien” of “begrijpen” mensen hun dagdagelijkse omgeving?
- Realiteit wordt
- Geconstrueerd
Participerende observatie
- Focus: leefwereld van Jongeren in het SO
- Combinatie met diepte- interviews
- Onderzoekers volgen les in het SO
- Heel oude methode: onderzoekers gaan mee participeren, ze volgden mee in het secundair onderwijs
- Ze observeerden met diepte interviews met de jongeren, de jongeren vonden het niet leuk (hadden niet door dat het
onderzoekers waren)
- methodetriangulatie: 2 onderzoeksmethodes combineren, verschillende invalshoeken gebruiken om hetzelfde
onderwerp in kaart te brengen
Diepte-interviews
- Focus: Beleving van mensen in armoede
- Bevraging armen en hulpverleners
- Perspectief op hulpverleningsrelatie
- Inzicht in moeilijke
- Hulpverleningsrelatie
- 1 op 1 gesprek
- Bbeleving van kansarmen en hulverlening in elkaar brengen
- Datatriangulatie: verschillende respondenten met elkaar vergelijken
- Vb interview Oprah Winfrey en Lance Armstrong dia 7-11
Focusgroep
- Focus: Politieke participatie- passiviteit
- Doelgroep zijn ouderen, vrouwen en laaggeschoolden
- In gesprek gaan met 7-8 mensen met eenzelfde achtergrond over een thema om de mening van deze personen in kaar
te brengen (homogene groepen)
Casestudies
- Hoofddoekendebat in de media op VRT
- Aanloop van verkiezingen
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