,OUTLINE
1. Arithmetic and geometric series
2. Compounding
3. Discounting
4. Investment appraisal
5. Bonds and interest rates
6. Loan repayments
7. Annuities
,OBJECTIVES
• Use the geometric series to find the rate at which non-renewable resources are exhausted
• Find the present and future values of payments, deposits, receipts, etc.
• Find the effective interest/growth rate
• Investment appraisal using NPV and IRR
• Find the present and future values of an annuity; find the monthly deposit required for an an
of a specified value
• Find the instalment required to pay back a loan in a specified period of time
, ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE & SERIES
• Sequence = ordered list of elements/numbers
• Arithmetic progression: A sequence in which the next term in the sequence is found by add
constant to the previous term in the sequence, e.g. 1,2,3,4, ...
• The difference between consecutive terms in the sequence is constant
• Consider the sequence 𝐴, 𝐴 + 𝑑, 𝐴 + 2𝑑, 𝐴 + 3𝑑, … − 𝐴 = the initial value/starting value, 𝑑
common difference (note: difference between each term in the sequence is 𝑑)
• Arithmetic series: the sum of the terms of an arithmetic progression
• To get the nth term in the sequence, use 𝐴 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
• The sum of the first 𝑛 terms of an arithmetic sequence is
𝑛
• 𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛 and is equal to 2𝐴 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
2
• Finance applications: (i) simple interest (interest not reinvested/recapitalised); (ii) invest
paying out a fixed amount every period (e.g. fixed-coupon bond)
• See example 10.2 (322-2)
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