Summary How To Ace Your Next Immunology Exam: A Comprehensive Study Guide
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Course
BMI2607
Institution
University Of South Africa (Unisa)
Book
Microbiology
If you want to ace your next immunology exam, this study guide is for you. It covers the most important concepts and provides strategies for memorization and test-taking. With this guide, you'll be well-prepared to ace your next exam.
Soluble
Factors
oF
Innate
Immune
System
.............................................................................................................
2
Cellular
Factors
of
Innate
System
...............................................................................................................................
3
Subclassification
of
Adaptive
immunity
..................................................................................................................
6
B
lymphocytes
...................................................................................................................................................................
6
T
Lymphocytes
..................................................................................................................................................................
7
Soluble
Factors
of
Adaptive
System
..............................................................................................................
8
B
Lymphocytes
...............................................................................................................................................................
12
Type
I
(immediate)
Hypersensitivity
.....................................................................................................................
18
Type
II
(Antibody
Mediated)
Hypersensitivity
...................................................................................................
21
Type
III
(Immune
Complex-‐Mediated)
Hypersensitivity
................................................................................
22
Type
IV
(cell
mediated)
Hypersensitivity
.............................................................................................................
23
Delayed
Type
Hypersensitivity
.................................................................................................................................................
24
T
Cell
Mediated
Cytotoxicity
.......................................................................................................................................................
25
Types
of
Rejection
........................................................................................................................................................
27
Immunity
• Innate =
o mechanisms present & already synthesised prior to infection
o physical, biochemical & cellular factors (limited)
o static resistance, no memory
! specifically good at working against microbes
• Adaptive (aka acquired):
o = microbes stimulate mechanisms which are capable of recognising non-microbial substances eg
antigens
o more powerful, 2nd line defense
o memory, with subsequent enhanced response
o immune response refers to adaptive
Innate Immunity
• 1st line defence
• main components:
o Physical defences:
! epithelial barriers
! commensural flora, gastric fluid acididy, fever, lung surfactant
o biochemical defences:
! soluble factors:
• lysosumes
• acute phase reactants eg CRP
• complement
• fibronectin
• interferon
o cellular:
! phagocytic cells eg neutrophil & MPs
! NK (natural killer) cells
Soluble
Factors
oF
Innate
Immune
System
1. Lysozymes
• Distributed widely in many secretions
• Act by cleaving bacterial cell wall proteoglycans
2. Fibronectin
• Family of closely related glycoproteins
• Synthesised by endothelial cells & fibroblasts
• Actions:
o Non specific opsonisation
o Facilitation of phagocytosis
o Wound healing & tissue repair
• Levels ↓ed by: major burns, surgery, trauma, DIC
3. Complement
• see separate section below
4. Interferons
• From virally infected cells & malignant cells
• Transmit information to adjacent cells
• Activate NK cells ⇒ ↑cytotoxic action
Immunology - 2
, By Adam Hollingworth
5. Acute Phase Reactants
• Eg CRP:
o Recognises & binds wade variety of bacteria & fungi
o Acts as an opsonin ie ↑phagocytosis & complements action
Cellular
Factors
of
Innate
System
Natural Killer Cells
• =10-15% blood lymphocytes
• non thymic
• aka large granular lymphoctytes
• don’t have TLRs (no antigenic surface markers of T/B cells)
• part of innate immune system – but are regulated by T cells ∴ also role in adaptive immunity
• Different cytokines/interferons regulate NK cells – proliferate or kill
• role to kill with no presensitisation:
o tumour cells
o virally infected cells
o some normal cells
• activity mediated by balance of activating & inhibitory receptors:
o inhibition by recognition of self class I MHC molecules
! = killer inhibitory receptors
• all nucleated normal cells express class I MHC
! virally infected cells ↓s expression of class I MHC ⇒ NK cell lysis (in conjunction with
activating receptors
• NKs also secrete cytokines:
o IFN-y ⇒
! activate macrophague
! differentiate CD4+ cells ⇒ TH1 cells
o TNF
o Granulocyte macrophague colong stim factor (GM-CSF)
Neutrophils
• 80-90% of circulating polymorphs
• contain: lysozymes, phagosomes, ingested organisms, phagolysozomes
• are able to penetrate endothelial surface under influence of chemotactic factors
Esinophils
• can phagocytose
• can degranulate adjacent large foreign bodies (which too large for phagocytosis) eg worms
• attracted by eosinophil chemotactic factor
• attach to Ig’s & foreign particles
• release:
o major basic protein
o eosinophil cationic protein
o anti-inflam enzymes
• may have role in immune down regulation
Basophils & Mast Cells
• limited no in circulation
• predominantly assoc with epithelial cells esp mast cells
• may play role in immunity to parasitic infections ie ↑ed response
Phagocytes
• Phagocytes recruited to site of infection ⇒ inflam
• Phagocytes recognise microbes by receptors for:
o mannose residues not produced by host
cells
Immunology - 3
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